Exam 2 Flashcards
Dysfunction
Key ingredient to emotional deficits that lead to social problems
Effect of parenting on delinquency
+ Parenting lowers risk of delinquency in high crime areas
- Parenting increases the risk of children becoming delinquent
Family Composition
Traditional families are in the past
75% of mothers of school aged children are employed.
“Good Wife’s Guide”
Women were expected to be subservient and obedient to their husbands, has drastically changed in the recent years
Underground Child Care
90% of facilities run without license
Latch Key Children
Children who return from school to an empty home
Four Main Categories for Family Dysfunction
Breakup
Conflict
Ineffectiveness
Deviance
Breakup
Positive correlation between delinquency and family break ups
Blended families are less stable
Boys are more affected by the post divorce absence of their father
Girls are more affected by the quality of the mother’s parenting
Conflict
Family conflict causes more damage than family break up.
A child’s perception of their parents’ marital happiness is a predictor of delinquency
Family Ineffectiveness
Inconsistent discipline
Physical punishment
Inconsistent supervision
poor parenting.
Resource Dilution
Large families are more likely produce delinquents, resources run thin for every child
Family Deviance
Genetics, substance abuse, link between criminality of sons and fathers
Child Abuse
Any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation can be found
Types of Child Abuse
Physical, neglect, emotional, sexual, abandonment
First documented case of child abuse
1847 - Mary Ellen Wilson removed from her parents by SPCA
Abuse Statistics
1 in 10 boys and 1 in 3 girls have been victims of exploitation
EA / Middle Class
Boys get less attention from authorities
Causes of Child Abuse
Parents who suffered abuse themselves abuse their own children
Isolated and alienated families become abusive
Cyclical pattern of violence
CAPTA
Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act of 1974
Provides federal funding to states in support of prevention, investigation, and treatment, all states have mandated reporting laws.
State Intervention Process
Allegations Advisement Hearing Pretrial Conference Adjudication Disposition Review Hearing
Allegations
Social Service agency files a petition alleging abuse. Most often, through the hotline.
Advisement hearing
Review the facts, determine whether permanent removal is justified. Notify parents of charges against them.
Pretrial
Conference is held if the parents deny the petition, attorney for the state presents an overview of the case. Settlement can be negotiated.
Adjudication
Fact finding stage to determine if the children are in need of CINA. If so, see 5.
Disposition
Most important stage. Social service agency presents its case plan. An agreement is reached by which parents commit themselves to the state order.
Living Arrangement Tiers
Reunification
Guardianship
Adoption
APPLA (Another Permanent Plan of Living Arrangement)
Coy v. Ohio
SCOTUS ruled that unless there is a finding that the child witness needs special protection, the 6th amendment grants defendants “face to face” confrontation through a one way glass partition
Maryland v. Craig
SCOTUS said that CCTV testimony is sufficient for in-court statements in special protection cases.
Clique
small group of friends who share activities and confidences
Crowds
Loosely organized groups of children who share interests
Controversial status youth
highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers
Co-offending
delinquent acts committed in small groups
Anti-social youth join with like minded youth
Gang
groups of youth who engage in delinquent behavior together.
Interstitial group
Falls through the cracks of society
Identifiable leadership, division of labor, rules, rituals, etc.
Two Main Factors of Gangs
Self recognition
Commitment to criminal activity
Gang history
Conscious in the 1950’s and 60’s
In ‘75, there were 275 identifiable gangs
Reach of urban gangs
Approx. 760k gang members and 24k gangs.
Gangs and Location
Operated in large urban areas experiencing population change
Diverse ethnic groups find themselves in competition
Gangs and Migration
Organize new chapters when they relocate
Move for social reasons
Immigration has brought people who have formed extremely violent gangs like MS-13
Four Groups of Gangs
Social Gangs
Party Gangs
Serious Delinquent Gangs
Organize Gangs
Gangs and Age
From 8-55
Involvement ranges from 9-12
Gangs and Communication
Graffiti
Secret symbols
Stacking
Colors / fashion / branding
Gangs and African America
First AA Gangs were formed in the 1920’s
in the 70’s, Crips gang was formed
Use of nicknames / hairstyles / tattoos
Gangs and Latinx America
Fierce loyalty
Initiation through machismo
Great deal of violence
Gangs and Asian America
Cities like NY, LA, SanFran, Seattle, Houston
Victimize members of their own ethnic group
Less territorial and secretive
Elders have control
Gangs and Anglo Race
Common in smaller towns
Derivatives of the skinhead 70s movement
Alienated youth
Common gang crimes
Larceny, theft, assault
Violence is a core fact of gang life
Anthropological View of Gangs
Appeal to the longing of tribal processes.
Puberty rites and adulthood passage.
Anomie / Alienation View of Gangs
Anomie encourage gang formation on the cultural and individual level.
Youth are encouraged to join gangs during periods of turmoil.
Psychological View of Gangs
Serve as an outlet for disturbed youths who suffer from a personal deficits, impulse control, etc.
Rational Choice View of Gangs
Turn to gangs a method of obtaining goods / services
personal safety, fun and support
How to control gang activity
Service programs, police agencies
Recreation activities, afterschool programs
Hoover Folk Gang
Symbol is the pitchfork
KK got arrested for robbing a convenience store
23rd Street Crips
LA Moe is credited for bringing Crips to Little Rock
Killed a man at 9
Parents involved in gang activity
Bobby Banks
LA Moe’s protege
Leader of the 23rd street crips
#1 target
186
Code to be on alert
Kick it
have fun
Getting jacked up
questioned by police
Crippin’
Hanging out with crips
Down for mine
Loyal to gang members
BGF
Black Gorilla Family
Crabs
Slur for cips
Pour one out
ritual for mourning
Gat / straps
gun
Slob
Blood member
Quoted
Initiation for gang members, either being sexed in or beat in.
Percent of school aged children attending school
90%, compared to 7 in 1890
Trends in Education
US lags in math
Constantly out performed by other countries
Dropping Out
Truancy leads to failure
After dropout, youth are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior
Why do youth drop out?
They want a job.
Low achievement, poor problem solving, substance abuse
Personal trouble
Turbulent family life has been linked to academic underachievement
Social class
Economic issues may cause students to take part time jobs
Reducing school crime
Crime free, weapon free, safe school zones
Zero Tolerance Policy
Mandates predetermined punishments for specific offenses.
School Security Efforts
Restrict entry, gates, picture ID, security cameras, controlled bookbags
Law Enforcement in Schools
Infiltrate as undercover officers on school grounds
New Jersey v. TLO
SCOTUS found that students are constitutionally protected from legal searches, but school officials are not bound by the same restrictions.
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
Extended schools’ authority to search by legalizing drug testing policy for student athletes
Free Speech in School
Guaranteed by the 1st amendment, divided by passive and active speech. Cannot be prohibited unless forbidden conduct will interfere with the discipline needed to operate the school
School Prayer
SCOTUS ruled that prayers lead by a school official undermines protection of minority viewpoints.
Marijuana
Pot / weed / grass / kush
Cannabis sativa
tetrahydrocannibinol
Commonly used by teenagers
Marijuana and health
Distortions in auditory and visual perception through hallucination
Not addictive.
Cocaine
Alkaloid derivative of the coca plant
Medical breakthrough until it was deemed addictive.
Cocaine and Health
Natural stimulant, produces euphoria, restlessness, excitement
Controlled by FDA in 1906
Crack
Processed street cocaine, made through the use of ammonia or baking soda to create a crystalline form that can be smoked
Heroin
Narcotic, ability to produce insensibility to pain and free the mind of anxiety and emotion
Street Heroin
Most commonly used narcotic in the US
Dealers cut the drug with neutral substances like sugar / lactose
1-4% pure
Alcohol
Drug of choice for teenagers
May be a factor in nearly half of all murders, suicides and accidental deaths
Depression, heart disease, cirrhosis of liver
Anesthetic drugs
CNS Depressants, must be widely abused (PCP)
Steroids
Used for muscle growth
Causes health problems, needle users are at risk for HIV
Designer Drugs
Lab created synthetics, designed to temporarily avoid drug laws. Ecstasy.
Cigarettes
Many countries prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors, states are required to reduce the rates of illegal sales to minors; 1 of every 2 seniors report smoking.
