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Minne Marine Conservation > LZ lecture 3 > Flashcards

LZ lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)?

A

A powerful environmental law protecting endangered plants and animals, and a growing number of marine species have been protected under this law as extinction risk in the oceans has increased

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2
Q

How many marine mammal and turtle species are among the ESA-listed marine species?

A

Marine mammals and sea turtles comprise 38% (= 62 species) of the 163 ESA-listed marine “species” (includes subspecies and distinct population segments)

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3
Q

Number and percentage of marine mammal and sea turtle populations protected under the ESA that increased, hasnt changed or decreased (A. Valdivia et al, 2019)

A

Number and percentage of marine mammal and sea turtle populations protected under the ESA that:
- significantly increased (inc)
- non-significantly change (nsc)
- significantly decreased (dec)

(A) Calculations were based on 23 marine mammal and 8 sea turtle representative populations of ESA listed species that met our selection criteria.

(B) Relationship between population trend and time since listing for marine mammal (blue circles) and sea turtle (green circles) populations. Black line is the median and grey circle the mean.

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4
Q

Population-level trends of cetacean marine mammals listed under the ESA
(A. Valdivia et al, 2019)

A
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5
Q

Population-level trends of non-cetacean marine mammals listed under the ESA
(A. Valdivia et al, 2019)

A
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6
Q

Key threats to whales

A
  • Ship strikes
  • Entanglement fishing gear
  • Pollution
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7
Q

Measures taken include… (protection whales)

A
  • Gear modifications
  • Time and area closures
  • Vessel observers
  • Limiting acoustic harms: restricting US military use of sonar and explosions, focused on biologically important areas (Hawaii and Southern California)
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7
Q

ESA induced measures to protect whales

A
  • Vessel speed limits
  • Restrictions on approaching whales closely
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8
Q

Persistent threats to whales

A
  • North Atlantic right whale population decline
  • Due to entanglement and vessels collisions
  • Despite ESA protections, these remain major threats
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9
Q

Key threats to sea turtles

A
  • Harvest
  • Fishery bycatch
  • Habitat destruction
  • Predation on nesting beaches
  • Trade
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10
Q

Key ESA action to protect sea turtles

A

Prohibited to harvest sea turtles and eggs

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11
Q

ESA induced regulations

A
  • Gear modifications
  • Time and area closures
  • Bycatch limits
  • Changes to fishing practices
  • Monitoring programs
  • promotion nesting activity; reduction off-road vehicle use, restrictions on night lighting, protection nesting beaches
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12
Q

Important message ‘Ocean optimism’ paper

A

With appropriate conservation measures we can obtain extraordinary results in saving species from extinction and reduce eliminate threats

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13
Q

What is the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)?

A
  • One of the most influential conservation organizations
  • Gathers more than 1.400 Member organizations (States and Government agencies, NGOs, indigenous people, research & academia, business associations)
  • It involves more than 15.000 experts and scientists on a voluntary basis
  • IUCN maintains a formally accredited permanent observer mission to the UN in New York
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14
Q

IUCN risk categories

A
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15
Q

What is extinction?

A

Extinction occurs when the last existing member of a given species dies.
In other word: there are no more left!

16
Q

What is functional extinction?

A
  • Only a handful of individuals are left
  • Odds of reproduction are slim
  • The population no longer plays a role in the ecosystem = collapsed
17
Q

Extinctions in marine realm

A
  • Marine species are commonly assumed to be less susceptible to extinction than terrestrial species
  • Extinctions are ubiquitous in the marine fossil record, and contemporary risk is considerable (e.g., corals, marine mammals, cartilaginous fishes, tunas and billfishes, seagrasses, and mangroves).
  • Few well-documented examples of global marine extinctions in recent centuries
  • Many marine species have declined in abundance and are regionally and/or functionally extinct.
  • This calls the presumed resilience of marine species into question and highlights the need for better understanding of marine extinctions and extinction risk (Harnik et al. 2012)
  • Unequivocal (leaving no doubt) evidence for at least 20 global marine extinctions during the historical era (Dulvy et al. 2008, incl. mammals e.g. Steller’s sea cow, birds, fish, invertebrates, algae).
  • This is most probably an understimate for several reasons, e.g. identifying an extinction takes time, species may be functionally extinct but persist for many years, …
18
Q

IUCN Red List

A
  • Established in 1964
  • Evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus and plant species.
  • considered global standard for assessing extinction risk
  • At global or regional level
19
Q

IUCN Red List for marine regions

A
  • 276 critically endangered species
    -395 endangered,
  • 884 vulnerable
  • 3857 data deficient
20
Q

Red list criteria

A
21
Q

Vulnerability to extinction – promoting factors (first card)

A
  • Species with a narrow distribution area (e.g. endemic species)
  • Species with one or very few populations
  • Species with small populations
  • Species in which population size is declining
  • Species with low population density
  • Species needing large home ranges
  • Species with very specific ecological needs
  • Species living only in stable and/or undisturbed environments
22
Q
A

Noble pen Shell (Pinna nobilis), critically endangered

23
Q

Vulnerability to extinction – promoting factors (second card)

A
  • Large sized animals
  • Species with low dispersion capability
  • Seasonally migrating species, or migrating to spawn
  • Species with low genetic variability
  • Species which form aggregations temporarily or seasonally
  • Species directly exploited by humans
  • Species conflicting with human activities
24
Q
A

Smooth-hound shark (Mustelus mustelus)
(commercially valuable)

25
Q
A

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
(Commercially valuable species)

26
Q
A

Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
(Species conflicting with human activities)

Minne Marine Conservation (6 decks)

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