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z_MS_Primers for Exam 4 > Lymphoma: HL and NHL > Flashcards

Lymphoma: HL and NHL Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

• Malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures

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2
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

• Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s

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3
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma generally affects people of what age?

A

• Most common in 20’s, increasing again after 55

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4
Q

Which type of lymphoma has the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

• Hodgkin’s lymphoma (main dx feature)

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5
Q

Where does Hodgkin’s lymphoma typically start?

A
  • In a single lymph node

* Usually in/around the neck

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6
Q

Although the cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown, what are some key factors thought to be involved in its development?

A
  • Epstein-Barr virus (mono)
  • The immunosuppressed
  • Genetics
  • Exposure to occupational toxins
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7
Q

How does alcohol correlate to s/s of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

• May complain of a rapid onset of pain at the site of disease after ingestion of even small amounts of alcohol

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8
Q

Mediastinal node involvement of Hodgkin’s lymphoma may present w/ what s/s?

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Stridor
  • Dysphagia
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9
Q

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and anemia may be seen in ______ cases of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

A

• Advanced

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10
Q

What dx studies are done for dx of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Excisional lymph node biopsy
  • Bone marrow examination
  • Radiologic evaluation
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11
Q

What dx test is used for initial staging of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

• CT/MRI

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12
Q

What is ABVD and BEACOPP?

A

• Anagrams for the combination of drugs used for chemotherapy

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13
Q

Regarding ABVD and BEACOPP, which is for advanced stage and which is standard?

A
  • ABVD = standard

* BEACOPP = advanced

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14
Q

How is the effectiveness of chemotherapy for lymphoma determined?

A

• By use of CT, PET scans and bone marrow biopsy

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15
Q

True or False

Radiation therapy for lymphoma should be gradual and incrementally increased.

A

• False, it must be aggressive

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16
Q

True or False

Maintenance chemotherapy contributes to an increased survival once a complete remission has been achieved

A

• False, it does not contribute to an increased survival rate

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17
Q

How many cycles of chemotherapy would an early favorable stage of lymphoma receive?

A

• 2-4 cycles

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18
Q

How many cycles of chemotherapy would an early unfavorable stage of lymphoma receive?

A

• 4-6 cycles

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19
Q

How many cycles of chemotherapy would an advanced stage of lymphoma receive?

A

• 6-8 cycles

20
Q

True or False

Hodgkin’s lymphoma has a better overall prognosis than many cancers.

A

• True

21
Q

Early-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma has a 5-year survival rate of over 90%, and even advanced-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma has a 5-year survival rate of more than 80% with aggressive therapy.

A
  • Early-stage = 90%

* Advanced stage = 80%

22
Q

True or False

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is more common than Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

A

• True

23
Q

What age group is affected by Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

• All

24
Q

What is Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • A group of malignant neoplasms of the immune system affecting all ages
  • Primarily B- and T-cell origin
25
Q

What is the progression speed of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

• Can happen fast or slow

26
Q

Where does NHL usually start?

A

• It can begin anywhere in the body

27
Q

What are the risk factors for NHL?

A
  • immunosuppression or immunodeficiency
  • Family hx
  • Infections agents
  • EBV
  • H. Pylori
28
Q

Although NHL’s cause is unknown, it has been most common in those who have used _____ meds or have received _____ or _____.

A
  • Immunosuppressive

* chemotherapy or radiation

29
Q

True or False

All NHLs involve lymphocytes arrested at various stages of development

A

• True

30
Q

True or False

NHL originates in the lymph node and its spread is predictable once diagnosed

A

• False, it can originate outside the lymph node and is unpredictable in how it spreads.

31
Q

Initial NHL symptoms that correlate with a worse prognosis are called “B Symptoms”. List them.

A
  • Fever
  • Night sweats
  • Weight loss
32
Q

What are the other general s/s of NHL?

A
  • Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
  • Abdominal pain or swelling
  • Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing
  • Persistent fatigue
33
Q

Does NHL related weight loss occur at the early or late stage?

A

• Late

34
Q

Tumors in the mediastinum can cause

A

• Respiratory distress

35
Q

Abdominal masses can cause

A

• Renal dysfunction and blockage of the ureters

36
Q

Splenomegaly can cause

A

• Abdominal discomfort and pain

37
Q

What is Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)?

A

• A condition that happens when cancer cells die quickly (as a result of radiation/chemotherapy

38
Q

Why is TLS dangerous?

A
  • Dying cells release large amounts of potassium, phosphate, and uric acid into the blood.
  • This can cause heart or kidney problems and lead to heart/kidney failure.
  • TLS can become life-threatening if is not managed or treated
39
Q

What are the unique s/s of TLS?

A
  • Muscle weakness, cramps, or spasms
  • Tingling around the mouth or in the hands or feet
  • Palpitations the heart feels like it beating faster or slower
  • Seizures
40
Q

How is TLS dx’d?

A

• Blood tests for: K, Ca, Phos, and Uric Acid levels

41
Q

Which has a generally better prognosis, HL or NHL?

A

• HL

42
Q

Which has a longer life expectancy, an aggressive or indolent lymphoma?

A

• Patients with low-grade (indolent) lymphoma may live only 5 years, while others with more aggressive lymphomas may live 30 years or longer as it is more responsive to tx.

43
Q

What are the main therapies used to treat lymphoma?

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
44
Q

What is R-CHOP?

A

• An anagram for meds used in the most common chemotherapy regimen

45
Q

What are complications of long-term chemotherapy?

A
  • Literally, everything.

* The system is immunocompromised so at risk for all things bad

46
Q

What our nursing care consist of for the pt w/ lymphoma receiving chemo/radiologic therapy?

A
  • Largely based on managing problems related to the disease, pancytopenia, and other side effects
  • Skin in the radiation field requires special attention
  • Psychosocial considerations
  • Fertility concerns

z_MS_Primers for Exam 4 (18 decks)

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