Lymphoma 1 Flashcards
What are lymphomas?
The term ‘lymphoma’ means a neoplastic (malignant) tumour of lymphoid cells.
Where do lymphomas arise from?
Lymphomas usually found in
- lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or blood (the lymphatic system)
- lymphoid organs; spleen or the gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- Skin (often T cell disease)
- Rarely “anywhere” (breast kidney){*Immune privilege sites CNS, occular, testes}
What is the incidence of lymphoma?
There are approximately 200 new cases per year for every million of the population (around 10,000 new cases a year in the UK).
- Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas 80%
- Hodgkin Lymphoma 20%
How do we classify lymphoma?
We try to match them to their healthy precursor counterpart
What are lymphoma risk factors?
- Most lymphoma subtypes/cases are sporadic with no known risk factors
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Some lymphoma subtypes have specific risk factors
- immune diseases acquired or iatrogenic
- Associated specific infections or inflammation
How does the adaptive immune system generate antibody diversity? What are the risks of this?
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How does a normal B cell to a lymphoma? What process is involved?
Incorrect translocation causing oncogenes
What are the specific risk factors of NHL?
- Constant antigenic stimulation?
1a. Bacteria infection (chronic)
1b. Auto-immune disorders - Viral infection (direct viral integration of lymphocytes)
- Loss of T cell function and EBV infection + EBV infections of B cells
3a. Loss of T cells (HIV)
3b. Iatrogenic immunosuppression
Describe chronic antigenic stimulation.
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Describe direct viral integration and lymphomagenesis
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Describe loss of T cell function + EBV driven B NHL.
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Describe the lymphoreticular system.
- Generative LR
- Bone marrow and thymus
- Function: generation/maturation of lymphoid cells
- Reactive LR
- Lymph nodes and spleen
- Function: Development of immune reaction
- Acquired LR
- Extranodal lymphoid tissue e.g. skin, stomach, lung
- Function: development of local immune reaction
How are the cells of the lymphoreticular system classified?
- lymphocytes
- B cells
- express surface Igs
- Antibody production
- T cells
- express surface t cell receptor
- regulation of B cell and macrophage function
- cytotoxic function
- B cells
- accessory cells
- APCs
- macrophages
- connective tissue cells
Describe the maturation of B and T cells
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Describe the picture.
Normal lymph node
Label the image
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What does the image show.
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How do we identify types of Lymphocytes?
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How do we classify lymphoma?
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Describe the WHO basic classification.
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What is the most common type of lymphoma? Where/when does it arise?
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Describe the arising of lymphomas.
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What do pathologists look at?
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How is immunophenotyping used?
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What molecular tools do we have for identifying lymphoma?
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What are the common types of B cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma?
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Describe the clinical presentation, histopathology, molecular aspect of follicular lymphoma.
Describe the image.
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Describe the clinical presentation, histopathology and molecular aspect of small lymphocytic lymphoma/CLL
Where do marginal zone lymphomas arise?
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Describe the clinical, histopathological, molecular and survival of mantle cell lymphoma?
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Describe the clinical, histopathological, molecular and survival of burkitt’s lymphoma.
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Describe the clinical, histopathological aspect of diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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Describe peripheral T cell lymphomas.
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What are the special forms of T cell lymphomas?
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Describe the clinical, histopathological, molecular and survival of anapaestic large cell lymphoma.
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What are the main differences between HL and NHL?
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Describe Classical HL.
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Describe modular LP Hodgkins Lymphoma.
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