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Immunology > Lymphoid structures > Flashcards

Lymphoid structures Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph node - general anatomy (gross)

A

is a 2ry lymphoid organ that has many afferents and 1 or more efferents. Encapsuled, with trabeculae (fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae)
bean shape
It has a hilum (blood vessels and efferent lymphatics)

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2
Q

Lymph node - afferents vs efferents

A

many afferents and 1 or more efferents

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3
Q

Lymph node - trabeculae structure

A

fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae

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4
Q

The lymph parenchyma is divided into (functionally)

A
  1. Follicle of cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Medulla
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5
Q

Lymph node - function

A
  1. nonspecific filtration by macrophages
  2. storage of B and T cells
  3. immune response activation
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6
Q

Lymph node - Follicle

A

Site of B-cell location and proliferation. In outer cortex

1ry follicles are dense and dormant. 2ry have pale central germinal centers and are active

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7
Q

Lymph node - Follicle - 1ry vs 2ry

A

1ry follicles are dense and dormant. 2ry have pale central germinal centers and are active

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8
Q

Lymph node - medulla

A

Consist of medullary cords (closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells) and medullary sinus. Medullary sinus communicate with efferent lymphatics and contain reticular cells and macrophages

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9
Q

Lymph node - medulla conistis of (and contain)

A
  1. medullary cord –> lymphocytes and plasma cells

2. medullary sinus –> reticular cells and macrophages

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10
Q

Lymph node - Paracortex

A

Houses T cells. Region of cortex between follicles and medulla. Contains high endothelial venules (postcapillary) through which T cells and B cells enter enter from blood

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11
Q

lymphoid tissue - Parenchymal anatomy - from outter to inner

A

outer - capsule (with trabecula) - subcapsular - cortex (follicle of cortex and inner the paracortex) - medullar - inner

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12
Q

lymph tissue - site of B-cell localization and proliferation

A

Follicle

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13
Q

lymph tissue - area of macrophages and medullary cords plasma cells

A

macrophages –> medullary sinus

lymphocytes –> medullary cords

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14
Q

Lymph node - Paracortex not well developed in / enlarge in

A

not well –> DiGeorge syndrome

enlarges –> extreme cellular immune response (eg. viral)

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15
Q

Cervical lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

head and neck

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16
Q

Hilar lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

lungs

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17
Q

Mediastinal lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

Trachea and esophagus

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18
Q

Axillary lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

Upper limb, breast, skin above umbilicus

19
Q

Celiac lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

20
Q

Superior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

lower duodenum, jejunum, ilieum, colon to splenic fructure

21
Q

Inferior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum

22
Q

Internal iliac lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

Lower rectum to anal canal (above pectinate line), bladder, middle third of vagina, prostate, cervix, corpus carvenosum

23
Q

Para-aortic lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A
  1. Testes 2. ovaries 3. kidneys 4. uterus
24
Q

The paraaortic lymph nodes lie ….

A

in front of the lumbar vertebrae near the aorta

25
Q

Superficial inguinal lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

anal canal (below pectinate line), skin below umbilicus (except popliteal territory), scrotum, vuvla , distal vagina

26
Q

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes form a chain …. (area)

A

immediately below the inguinal ligament.

27
Q

Popliteal lymph node cluster drains … (area)

A

dorsolateral foot, posterior calf

28
Q

Lymph ducts - function

A
  • Right lymphatic duct drains right side of body above diaphragm into juction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins
  • Thoracic duct drains everything else into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins
29
Q

spleen parenchyma is divided to (and locations)

A
  1. white pulps (centrally)
  2. red pulps (RBCs) (peripherally)
  3. marginal zone (between red and white pulps)
30
Q

Speen sinusoids?

A

long, vascular channels in red pulp with fenestrated “barrel hoop” basement membrane

31
Q

spleen - cells and their location

A
  • T cell: periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (white pulp)
  • B cell: follicles (white pulp)
  • macrophages and specialized B cells: Marginal zone
  • macrophages: Cords of Billroth (red purples)
32
Q

spleen - role of Marginal zone

A

it contains macrophages and specialized B cells –> APCs capture blood-borne antigens for recognition by lymphocytes

33
Q

spleen - role of macrophages

A

remove encapsuled bacteria

34
Q

splenic dysfunction - problem (and mechanism) (and example of spleen dysfunction

A

low IgM synthesis –> decreased complement activation
–> decreased C3b opsonization –> increased susceptibility to encapsuled organisms
example –> 1. postsplenoctomy 2. sickle cell anemia

35
Q

Encapsuled bacteria - their capsule serve as an

A

anthiphagocytic viruence factor

36
Q

asplenic patients - vaccines and their structure

A
  1. S. pneumoniae –> PCV conjugate (Prevnar) , PPSV non congugate (Pneumovax)
  2. H. influenzae type B–> conjugate
  3. N. meningitidis –> conjugate
37
Q

Postsplenectomy - lab findings (and mechanism)

A
  1. Howell-jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
  2. Target cells
  3. Thrombocytosis (loss of sequestration and removal)
  4. Lymphocytosis (loss of sequestration)
38
Q

Thymus - function

A

site of T-cell differentiation and maturation

39
Q

Thymus - gross anatomy and location

A

encapsuled

located in anteriosuperior mediastinum

40
Q

Thymus embriology

A

thymus –> third pharyngeal pounch

Lymphocytes –> mesenchymal

41
Q

Thymus - histology

A
  • cortex is dense with immature T cells

- medulla is pale with mature T cells and Hassal corpuscles containing epithelial reticular cells

42
Q

Thymus - situations that change its size

A
  1. hypoplastic in DiGeorge syndrome and severe combined immunodeficiency
  2. Enlarged in myasthenia gravis
43
Q

spleen - follicle anatomy

A

germinal center in the middle –> mantle zone –> marginal zone

44
Q

spleen - types of circulation (and area)

A
  1. open circulation (sinusoids)

2. closed circulation

Immunology (10 decks)

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