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Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to components

A

innate immunity –> neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, demdritic cells, NK cells (lymphoid origin), complement
adaptive immunity –> T and B cells, circulating antiboides

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2
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to origin

A

innate immunity –> germline encoded

adaptive immunity –> Variation through V(D)J recombination during lymphocytes development

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3
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to resistance persistence

A

innate immunity –> resistance persists through generations. Does not change within an organisms lifetime
adaptive immunity –> Microbial resistance not heritable

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4
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to type of response to pathogens (specificity)

A

innate immunity –> nonspecific,

adaptive immunity –> highly specific, refined over time

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5
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to time of response to pathogens

A

innate immunity –> rapidly (minutes to hours)

adaptive immunity –> develops over long periods, memory response is faster and more rodust

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6
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to physical barriers

A

innate immunity –> epithelial tight juctions, mucus

adaptive immunity –> no

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7
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity according to secreted proteins

A

innate immunity –> Lysozyme, complement, C-reactive proteins, defensins
adaptive immunity –> immunoglobulins

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8
Q

Innate immunity - key features in pathogen recognition

A

TOLL-like receptors (TLRs): pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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9
Q

Innate immunity - example of PAMPs

A
  1. LPS
  2. Flagellin
  3. ssRNA
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10
Q

adaptive immunity - key features in pathogen recognition

A

Memory cells: activated B and T cells –> subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen –> stronger, quicker immune response

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11
Q

MHC types / encoded by

A

MHC I and II / encoded by HLA genes

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12
Q

MHC function

A

present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs)

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13
Q

TCR vs TLR according to meaning

A

TCR –> T-cell receptor

TLR –> Toll-like receptor

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14
Q

MCH I vs II according to loci

A

MCH I –> HLA-A. HLA-B, HLA-C

MCH II –> HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ

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15
Q

MCH I vs II according to binding

A

MCH I –> TCR and CD8
MCH II –> TCR and CD4
(mnemonic: 4x2=8, 8x1=8)

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16
Q

MCH I vs II according to expression (which cells express them)

A

MCH I –> all nucleated cells (not on RBCs)

MCH II –> antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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17
Q

MCH I vs II according to function

A

MCH I –> present ENDOGENOUSLY synthesised antigens (eg. viral or cytosolic proteins) to CD8 cytotoxic cells
MCH II –> present EXOGENOUSLY synthesised antigens (eg. bacterial proteins) to CD4 helper T cells

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18
Q

MCH I vs II according to antigen loading

A

MCH I –> Antigen peptides loaded onto MHC I in RER after delivery via TAP (transporter associated antigen processing)
MCH II –> antigen loaded following release of invariant chain in an acidified endosome

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19
Q

MCH I vs II according to associated proteins

A

MCH I –> β2-microglobulin

MCH II –> Invariant chains (CD74)

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20
Q

MCH I structure

A

a peptide, β2-microglobulin –> peptide-binding grove

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21
Q

MCH II structure

A

α peptide, β peptide, invariant chain

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22
Q

invariant chain (cd74) - function

A
  1. shape the peptide binding groove and prevent formation of a closed conformation
  2. prevent binding of peptides from the endogenous pathway to the groove
    3 .facilitates MHC class II’s export from the ER in a vesicle
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23
Q

HLA subtypes are associated with (all types and diseases)

A

HLA-A3 –> hemochromotosis
HLA-B8 –> Addison disease, myasthenia gravis
HLA-B27 –> seronegative arthritis
HLA-DQ2/DQ8 –> celiac disease
HLA-DR2 –> Multiple sclerosis, Hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome
HLA-DR3 –> DM1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroditis, Addisson
HLA-DR4 –> RA, DM1, Addison disease
HLA-DR5 –> Pernicious anemia, Hashimoto

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24
Q

seronegative arthritis - types and genetics

A

genetics: B27
types 1. Psoriatic arhtritis 2. Ankylosing spondylitis
3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease
4. Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)

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25
Q

Hay fever - definition/causes/manifestations

A

an allergy caused by pollen or dust in which –> mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are inflamed
–> causing running at the nose and watery eyes

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26
Q

HLA - SLE

A

DR2

DR3

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27
Q

HLA - Hashimoto

A

DR3

DR5

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28
Q

HLA - diabetes mellitus

A

DM1 –> DR3, DR4

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29
Q

Natural Killer cells - type of cell and immunity

A

Lymphocyte member of innate immune system

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30
Q

Natural Killer cells - mechanism of action

A
  1. Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosus if virally infected cells and tumor cells
  2. Kills via antibody-depended cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CD16 binds FC region of bound IG, activating NK cells)
    Their activity is enhanced by IL-2, IL12, INF-α, INF-β
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31
Q

Natural Killer cells - their activity is enhanced by

A
  1. IL-2
  2. IL-12
  3. INF-α
  4. INF-β
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32
Q

NK cells - antibody-depended cell-mediated cytotoxicity - mechanism

A

CD16 binds FC region of bound IG, activating NK cells

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33
Q

NK cells induced to kill when

A
  1. exposed to a nonspecific activation signal on target cell and/or 2. to an absence of class I MHC on target cell surface
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34
Q

Major B-cell functions (and mechanism)

A
  1. Recognize antigen –> undegro somatic hypermutation to optimize antigen specificity
  2. Produce antibody –> differentiate into plasma cells to secrete specific immunoglobins
  3. Maintain immunologic memory –> memory cells persists and accelerate future response to antigen
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35
Q

Major T-cell function (CD4 and CD8)

A
  1. CD4 help B cells make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes
  2. CD8 directly kill virus-infected cells (and neoplastic)
  3. Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity
  4. Acute and chronic cellular organ rejection
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36
Q

Differentiation of T-cells (and location)

A

T cell precursor (no CD4,8, no T-cell receptor) in bone marrow –> T cell with CD4, CD8 (both) and T-cell receptor (cortex of thymus) –> T cells with T-cell receptor and either CD8 or CD4 (medulla of Thymus) –>:
CD8: Cytotoxic T cells (lymph node)
CD4: Helper T cells (lymph node) –> a. IL-12: Th1
b. il-4: Th2 c. TGF-β + IL-6: TH 17

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37
Q

CD4: Helper T cells (lymph node) –> ….(differentiate to, and how)

A

a. IL-12 + INF-γ: Th1

b. il-4: Th2 c. TGF-β + IL-6: Th17

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38
Q

Central tolerance is the

A

mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self

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39
Q

Central tolerance - T cells - types (and location)

A
  1. positive selection –> thimic cortex

2. negative selection –> thimic medulla

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40
Q

T cells positive selection - location and mechanism

A

location: thymic cortex

T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding surface self-MHC molecules survive

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41
Q

T cells negative selection - location and mechanism

A

location: thymic medulla
T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis –> Tissue restricted self antigens are expressed in thymus due to the action of autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
AIRE –> transcriptio factor –> major proteins from elsewhere in the body (tissue-restricted antigens)

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42
Q

autoimmune regulator (AIRE) mutation

A

autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome-1

43
Q

Helper T cells - types

A
  1. Th1
  2. Th2
  3. Th17
44
Q

Th1 vs Th2 according to secretions

A

Th1 secretes IFN-γ

Th2 secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13

45
Q

Th1 vs Th2 according to function

A

Th1 activates macrophages and cytotxic T cells

Th2 recruits eosinophils for parasite defense and promotes IgE production by B cells

46
Q

Th1 vs Th2 according to activation by

A

Th1 is activated by INF-γ and IL-12

Th2 is activated by IL-4

47
Q

Th1 vs Th2 according to inhibition

A

Th1 is inhibited by il-4 and il-10 (from Th2)

Th2 is inhibited by INF-γ (from Th1)

48
Q

Helper T cells - vs cytotoxic T cells according to CD (CD4 or CD8)

A

Helper T cells –> CD4

cytotoxic T cells –> CD8

49
Q

T cell differentiation to Th1 - the whole mechanism

A

macrophage-lymphocyte interaction - macrophage release IL-12, which stimulates T-cells to differentate into TH1 cells. Th1 Ccells release IFN-γ to stimulate macrophages

50
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kill ….. by ….

A

virus-infected, neoplastic and donor graft cells by inducing apoptosis

51
Q

Cytotoxic T cells - mechanism of apoptosis

A

release cytotoxic granules containing performed proteins (perforinm granzyme B)

52
Q

Regulatory T cells - function

A

Help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 t cell effector functions
activated regulatory cells produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (eg. IL-10, TGF-β)

53
Q

Regulatory T cells - identified by

A

expression of CD3, CD4, CD25, FOXP3

54
Q

Regulatory T cells? (everything)

A

Help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 t cell effector functions
activated regulatory cells produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (eg. IL-10, TGF-β
identify by CD3, CD4, CD25, FOXP3 expression

55
Q

Antigen-presenting cells - cells?

A
  1. B-cells
  2. marcophages
  3. dendritic cells
56
Q

Naive T-cell activation - steps

A
  1. Dendritic cell (specialized APC samples and processes antigen
  2. Dendritic cell migrates to the draining lymph node
  3. Foreign antigen is presented on MHCII and recognized by TCR on Th (CD4) cell. Antigen is presented on MHCI to Tc (CD8) cell (SIGNAL 1)
  4. Constimulatory signal is given by interaction of B7 (CD80/86) and cd28 (t cell) (SIGNAL 2)
  5. Th cell activates and produces cytokines. Tc activates and is able to recognize and kill virus-infected cells
57
Q

B cell activation and class switching - steps

A
  1. Th-cell activation (the 5 steps)
  2. B-cell receptor-mediated endocytosis. foreign antigen is presented on MHC II and recognized by TCR on Th cell
  3. CD40 receptor on B cell binds CD40 ligand (CD40L) in Th cell
  4. Th cell secretes cytokines that determine Ig class switching of B cell –> B cell activates and undergoes class, affinity maturation, and antibody production (plasma cells)
58
Q

Naive T-cell activation - constimulatory signal

A

interaction of B7 and cd28

59
Q

B cell activation and class switching - constimulatory signal

A

CD40 receptor on B cell binds CD40L in Th cell

60
Q

Antibody - structure - divided to

A
  1. Fab

2. Fc

61
Q

Antibody - Fab part structure and function

A

consists of light (L) and heavy (H) chains and recognizes antigens –> determines idiotype: unique antigen binding pocket
only 1 antigenic specificity expressed per B cell

62
Q

idiotype is the

A

distinctive sequence and region that makes any immunoglobulin/TCR unique from others of the same type which is its variable region

63
Q

antibody - hinge region

A

flexible amino acid stretch in the central part of the heavy chains of the IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes, which links these 2 chains by disulfide bonds

64
Q

Antibody - Fab part structure and function

A 
constant
complement binding
Caroxyl terminal 
carbohydrate side chains 
Determines isotype (IgM, IgD etc)
65
Q

antibody - L and H chains are binded through

A

S-S

66
Q

antibody - parts of heavy chain

A

from fab to fc:
VH - CH1 - HINGE (Fab)
CH2 - CH3 (Fc)

67
Q

antibody - parts of light chain

A

from Fab to Fc:

VL - CL

68
Q

Generation of Antibody diversity

A

antigen independent

  1. Random recombination of VJ (light) or V(D)J (heavy) genes
  2. Random combinations of heavy chains with light chains
  3. random addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
69
Q

generation of antibody specificity

A

antigen depended

  1. Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation (variable region)
  2. Isotype switching (constant region)
70
Q

antibody function according to area (and definition)

A
  1. opsonization (CH2 and CH3) –> antibody promotes phagocytosis
  2. Neutroalization (FAB) prevents bacterial adherence
  3. Complement activation (CH2) –> activates complement –> enhances lysis (Membrane attack complex (MAC)) and opsonization
71
Q

Mature B cell surface

A

IgM and IgD

72
Q

Mature B cell - differatnitation into …. (and location)

A

plasma cells that secrete IgA, IgE, IgG

location: germinal centers of lymph nodes

73
Q

main antibody in 2ry (delayed) response to an antigen

A

IgG

74
Q

Most abundant isotype in serum

A

IgG

75
Q

IgG function

A
  1. Fixes complement
  2. crosses placenta (passive immunity in infants)
  3. opsonizes bacteria
  4. neutralizes bacterial toxins and varuses
76
Q

IgG structure

A

monomer

77
Q

IgA - function

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes

78
Q

IgA structure

A

monomer in circulation

dimer when secreted (WITH J CHAIN)

79
Q

IgA release into

A

secretions (tears, saliva, mucus) and breast milk

80
Q

IgA - complement

A

does no to fix it

81
Q

IgA crosses epithelial cells by (also during secretion)

A

transcytosis

picks up secretory component from epithelial cells before secretion –> protect the Fc portion from luminal proteases

82
Q

Most produced antibody overall

A

IgA - but lower serum concentrations

83
Q

IgD - function and location

A

unclear

found on surface of many B cells and in serum

84
Q

antibody that produced in the primary immediate response to an antigen

A

IgM

85
Q

IgM - complement and placenta

A

fixes complement but does not crosses the placenta

86
Q

Beside in the blood, IgM is also found in

A

the surface of B cells (as a receptor)

87
Q

IgM - structure

A

Monomoer in B cells
Pentamer when secreted
(J CHAIN)

88
Q

special feature of pentamer IgM

A

pentamer enables avid binding to antigen while humoral response involves

89
Q

antibody with the lowest concentration in serum

A

IgE

90
Q

IgE - function

A
  1. Binds mast cells and basophils –> cross links when exposed to allergen mediating immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity through release of inflammatory mediators such as histmamine
  2. immunity to worms by activating eosinphils
91
Q

Antigen type and memory

A
  1. Thymus-independent antigens

2. Thymus-dependent antigens

92
Q

Thymus-independent antigens (structure, mechanism etc)

A

Antigens lacking a peptide compoment (eg. LPS) –> cannot be presented by MHC to T cells –> Weakly or nonimmunogenic

93
Q

Thymus-dependent antigens (structure, mechanism etc)

A

Antigens containing a protein component (eg diphteria vaccine) –> class switching and immunologic memory occur as a result of direct contact of B cells with Th cells (CD40-CD40L)

94
Q

which antibodies are not monomeric (and how the are binded

A

IgM (pentameric, monomer at B cell)
IgA (dimer when secreted, monomer in circulation)
binded with J chain

95
Q

Addisson - HLA

A

B8, DR3, DR3

96
Q

autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome-1 is due to mutation in

A

autoimmune regulator (AIRE)

97
Q

Defective Fas-FasL interaction ->

A

autoimmune lymphoproliferatice syndrome

98
Q

B7 protein is AKA

A

CD80/86

99
Q

antibodies that fix complements (and the region)

A

IgM, IgG

CH2 of Fc

100
Q

GI IgA is produced by (example)

A

Peyer Patches

101
Q

CD54

A

ICAM-1

102
Q

CD106

A

VCAM-1

103
Q

ICAM-1 (CD54) is the receptor of

A

Rhinovirus

Immunology (10 decks)

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