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Step 1 - Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity components (6)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Monocytes
  4. Dendritic cells
  5. Natural Killer cells
  6. Complement
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2
Q

Adaptive immunity components

A

T cells
B cells
Circulating antibodies

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity mechanism

A

Variation through VDJ recombination during lymphocyte development

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4
Q

Germline encoded immunity

A

Innate

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5
Q

Resistance persists through generations and doesn’t change within an organisms lifetime: innate or adaptive immunity-?

A

Innate

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6
Q

Highly specific response to pathogens

A

Adaptive immunity

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7
Q

No memory response

A

Innate immunity

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8
Q

Fastest immunity

A

Innate

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9
Q

Secreted proteins implied in innate immunity

A

Lyzozyme
Complement
CRP
Defensins

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10
Q

Physical barriers implied in innate immunity

A

Epithelial tight junctions

Mucus

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11
Q

Pathogen recognition features in innate immunity

A

TLR: Toll-Like Receptors
PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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12
Q

PAMP in gram negative bacteria

A

Lipopolisaccarides

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13
Q

Encoded by HLA genes

A

MHC: major histocompatibility complex I and II

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14
Q

Function of MHC

A

Present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T cell receptors: TCRs

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15
Q

MHC I loci

A

HLA A
HLA B
HLA C
MHC 1 loci have 1 letter

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16
Q

MHC II loci

A

HLA DP
HLA DQ
HLA DR

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17
Q

MHC I and MHC II binding

A

8 rule:
HLA I x CD8
HLA II x CD4
Both TCR

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18
Q

MHC I structure

A

1 long chain

1 short chain

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19
Q

MHC II structure

A

2 equal length chains

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20
Q

MHC I expression

A

ALL nucleated cells (Not RBC), APCs and platelets

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21
Q

MHC II expression

A

APCs

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22
Q

MHC ___ presents exogenously synthesized antigens (eg bacterial proteins) to _____ T cells

A

II

CD4 (T helper)

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23
Q

MHC___ presents endogenously synthesized antigens (eg. viral or cytosolic proteins) to _____ T cells

A

I

CD8+ cytotoxic

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24
Q

Protein associated with MHC II

A

Invariant chain

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25
Q

Protein associated with MHC I

A

B2 microglobulin

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26
Q

Antigen loading in MHC I

A

Antigen peptides loaded onto MCH I in RER after delivery via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)

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27
Q

Antigen loading in MHC II

A

Antigen loaded following release of invariant chain in an acidified endosome

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28
Q

HLA associated to hemochromatosis

A

A3

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29
Q

HLA associated to Graves and myastenia gravis

A

B8

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30
Q

Diseases associated to HLA b27

A 
Seronegative arthropathies: PAIR
Psoriatic arthitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD-associated arthitis
Reactive arthritis: Reiter's syndrome
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31
Q

HLA associated to Celiac disease

A 
DQ2, DQ8
I ate (8) too (2) much gluten at Dairy Queen
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32
Q

HLA associated to multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome

A

DR2: DesgRacia2

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33
Q

HLA associated to SLE

A

DR3

DR2

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34
Q

HLA associated to DM1, Rheumatoid disease

A

DR4

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35
Q

HLA associated to Hashimoto tyroiditis and pernicious anemia

A

DR5

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36
Q

HLA associated to Addison disease

A

HLA B8, DR4

37
Q

Lymphocyte member of innate immune system

A

Natural Killer cells

38
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells

39
Q

Enhances NK activity

A

IL2, IL12, IFN alpha and beta

40
Q

Signals of NK cell activation

A
  1. Nonspecific activation signal on target cell
  2. MHC absence
  3. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
41
Q

CD4+ function

A

Help B cell make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes

42
Q

Optimize antigen specifity in B cells

A

Somatic hypermutation

43
Q

Responsable for accute and chronic cellular organ rejection

A

T cells

44
Q

REsponsible for type IV hypersensitivity

A

Cell mediated: T cell

45
Q

Positive selection of T cells takes place in

A

Thyme cortex

46
Q

Negative selection of T cells takes place in

A

Thyme medulla

47
Q

Deficiency of AIRE (autoinmune regulator)

A

Autoinmune polyendocrine syndrome 1 (chromosome 21)

48
Q

T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells survive

A

Positive selection: Cortex

49
Q

T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis

A

Negative selection: medulla

50
Q

Helper T cell that secretes IFN gamma and IL-2

A

Th1 cell

51
Q

Th1 cell function

A

Activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

52
Q

Helper T cell that secretes IL-4,5,6,10,13

A

Th2 cell

53
Q

Th2 cell function

A

Recruits eosinophils for parasite defense

Promotes IgE production by B cells

54
Q

Th1 cell differentiation is induced by

A

IL-12 (macrophages, dendritic and other APC)

INF gamma

55
Q

Th2 cell differentiation is induced by

A

IL-2

IL-4

56
Q

Th2 cell is inhibited by

A

IFN gamma from Th1 cell

57
Q

TH1 cell is inhibited by

A

IL-4 and IL-10 from Th2

58
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill virus-infected/neoplastic/ donor graft cells

Inducing apopotosis by releasing cytotoxic granules containing preformed proteins (perforin, granzyme B)

59
Q

Expression of CD3, CD4 and FOXP3

A

Regulatory T cells

60
Q

Activated regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce…

A

Antiinflamatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF beta)

61
Q

Tregs function

A

Mantain specific immune tolerance by supressing CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions

62
Q

Genetic defficiency of FOXP3

A

IPEX: immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, entheropathy X linked syndrome
Diabetes in male infants

63
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
Macrophages

64
Q

Signals required for T cell activation

A
  1. Antigen is presented on MHC II/I and recognised by TCR on CD4/8
  2. Proliferation and survival: B7 (cd80/86)protein on dentritic cell and CD28 on naïve T cell
65
Q

Signals required for B cell activation and class switching

A
  1. Foreign Antigen is presented on MHC II to TCR on Th cell
  2. CD40 receptor on B cell binds to CD40L on Th cell
    Th cell secretes cytokines that determine Ig class switching of B cell
66
Q

Determines idiotype

A

Fab fragment: antigen binding

67
Q

Fab fragment

A

Contains variable regions consisting of light (L) and heavy (H) chains: recognizes antigens

68
Q

Region of antibody that fixes complement

A

FC

69
Q

Characteristics of Fc fragment on an antobody

A
  1. Constant
  2. Carboxyl terminal
  3. Complement binding
  4. Carbohydrate side chains
70
Q

Determines isotype of an antybody

A

Fc fragment: IgA, G, E,M

71
Q

Generation of antibody diversity (antigen independent)

A
  1. Random combination of VJ (light chain) or VDJ (heavy chain) genes
  2. Random addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT)
  3. Random combination of heavy chains with light chains
72
Q

Generation of antibody diversity (antigen dependent)

A

Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation (variable region)
Isotype switching: constant region

73
Q

Mature naïve B cells prior to activation express what types of Ig?

A

Ig M

Ig D

74
Q

Main antibody in delayed response to an antigen

A

IgG

75
Q

Most abundant Ig in serum

A

IgG

76
Q

Ig that crosses placenta

A

IgG

77
Q

Ig that doesnt fix complement

A

IgA

78
Q

Ig that prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes

A

IgA

79
Q

IgA dimer

A

J chain binds

80
Q

Most produced antibody overall

A

IgA (but IgG is the higher in serum)

81
Q

Ig in breast milk and secretions

A

IgA

82
Q

Produces in the immediate response to an antigen

A

IgM

83
Q

Doesnt cross the placenta

A

IgM (pentamer)

84
Q

Enables avid binding to antigen in IgM

A

Pentamer conformation

85
Q

Ig that binds mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

86
Q

Ig that mediates immediate hypersensitivity (type I)

A

IgE: cross links when exposed to allergen

87
Q

Ig with lowest concentration in serum

A

IgE

88
Q

Antigens lacking a peptide component

A

Thymus independent antigens: cannot be presented by MHC to T cells

Step 1 - Immunology (4 decks)

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