Lymphatic Structures And Lymph Flow Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical features of lymph nodes

A
Connective tissue capsule
Supporting strands of CT inside
Marginal sinus
Clusters of lymphocytes ( below marginal sinus)
Medullary zone
Trabecula ( collagen,elastin fibres)
Afferent vessels ( enter the LN)
Efferent vessels (leave the LN)
Artery, vein and nerve
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2
Q

List 4 important functions of lymph nodes

A

To prevent noxious material entering the bloodstream.( ie.cells:bacteria viruses, organic chemicals, dust, dyes.)
Housing and storing them

Reproduce lymphocytes

Regulate the concentration of the lymph ( protein content) filtering

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3
Q

Describe the structure and their orientation in the superficial fascia of lymph collector vessels

A

Lymph collector vessels are transport vessels
and maintain lymph flow, they drain lymph from striplike skin zones.( several skin zones form a territory)
They are bigger than a pre collector
The vessel walls have 3 layers intima, media and adventitia.
The intima consists of endothelial cells with flaps( valves)
(Between two valves are segments called lymphangions)
The valves control the direction of flow

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4
Q

Pre collectors

A

Precollector is both a transport and collecting vessel
It can absorb LOL in sm amounts and transport lymph from initial LV to to collectors
They are interconnected with skin zones.
They are smaller than collectors and bigger than ILV

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5
Q

Initial lymph vessels

A

Initial lymph vessels are the smallest vessels and form the beginning of the lymphatic vascular system.
Found in the entire dermis and drain LOL from the connective tissue.

They have a blind origin in the tissue like fingers in a glove.
They cosist of a single layer of endothelial cells that overlap on the edges so they open like shutter valves.
The ILV transports the LOL to the precollectors.

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6
Q

What is a lymphangion?

A

Any portion of the lymph vessel thats between two valves is a lymphangion.

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7
Q

Name 3 mechanisms which control smooth muscle in collector vessels

A

Stretch receptor reflex

Automyogenic activity

Sympathetic system

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8
Q

What mechanisms allow uptake of fluids by the ILV

A
Muscle and joint pump
Arterial pulsation
Respiration and peristalsis
Negative pressure in the thorax- when pressure is low valves close, when pressure is up it pulls on the anchoring filaments attached to endothelial cells that open the valves
External pressure ( MLD and bandaging)
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9
Q

List at least six functions of the LVS

A
To circulate lymphocytes- immune system
Removal of fluid leaked out by capillaries in CT spaces
Removal of lge proteins and lipids
Removal or organic and inorganic waste
maintain blood volume
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10
Q

What are the intrinsic mechanisms which control lymph flow?

A
Walking... changing pressure between thorax and abdomen
Negative pressure in the thorax
Muscle and joint pump
Arterial pulsation
Respiration and peristalsis
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11
Q

What are the extrinsic mechanisms which control lymph flow?

A

External pressure

MLD and Bandaging

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12
Q

What increases lymph flow?

A
Walking
Negative pressure in the thorax
Exercise (muscle and joint pump) walking- SRR
MLD 
Respiration and peristalsis
External pressure
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13
Q

What decreases lymph flow?

A

Inactivity , lack of movement

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14
Q

What are 3 ways protein get taken out of a cell?

A

Might get used by a body cell

Might get deleted ( macrophage may eat them)

Majority are taken up by the Lymph system

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15
Q

What is a low protein oedema?

A

Dynamic oedema

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16
Q

What cells are carried by LOL?

A

B and T lymphocytes- (mostly T some B- body does reassortment- best chance of having right cell at right time- because circulation is one way B cell has to go thru whole system subclavian etc.B stay mostly in lymphoid tissue)

Macrophages-( when in blood called monocytes)

Dendritic cells( veiled cells)

Other WBC’s

Dead and dying cells
Mutated fragments
Cell fragments

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17
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Type of macrophage- lives just under the skin dormant until theres a problem
Then jumps in a LV to a node to a lymphocyte and becomes an antigen producing cell- non specific defenses

18
Q

What cells would you find in a wound?

A

Lots of macrophages

They always leave tissue thru L/ system- full of bad stuff so dont want to bring it back into the blood

19
Q

What are the components of lymph?

A

Water
Proteins
Long chain fatty acids
( milky if lipids are present- if proximal to cysterna chyli or thoracic duct)

20
Q

What are the components of Lymph obligatory load?

Major and minor.

A

Major =
Proteins, lipids/ fats, cells, water

Minor=
Dust, dyes, pathogens, antigens, cellular debris

21
Q

How much fluid can the LVS filter per day?

A

2 1/2 liters per day

22
Q

How do long chain fatty acids enter the blood circulation?

A

Through diffusion and osmosis? ( vitamins A K E)

Enter around the small intestines to cysterna chyli

23
Q

What is filtration?

A

Liquid pressed out through a membrane
Higher pressure- more water
Hydrostatic pressure- is less than the cells- anything that fits is forced through under high pressure

24
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Liquids with varying particle concentration
separated by a semi permeable membrane
Force is applied by protein molecules

25
Q

What is the Transit stretch?

A

Transit stretch pushes cells away from their nutrients- oedemas

26
Q

Define Lymphoedema

A

Chronic

High protein Oedema

27
Q

Define Primary lymphoedema

A

Genetic - born with it
Impaired Lymph system
Damage to structure

28
Q

Define Organic lymphoedema

A

Damage or absence of vessels or nodes

29
Q

Define secondary lymphoedema

A

Organic lymphoedema

Damage ot Lvessel or nodes due to surgery, mastectomy, trauma

30
Q

Define functional lymphoedema

A

Intact L vessels and nodes
Problem with LV function- post polio
Stroke

31
Q

List 4 Absolute contraindications to MLD

A

Congestive heart failure

Acute infection

Untreated tumour

Acute thrombosis- people in planes, joint replacements are highest risk

Acute phlebitis

32
Q

List 10 relative contraindications and explain how treatment can be modified

A

Edit

33
Q

Describe 3 ways MLD can have an analgesic effect

A

Edit

34
Q

What effects does MLD have on smooth muscle in the blood vessels

A

Refer to notes

35
Q

What effects does MLD have on smooth muscle in the lymph vessels?

A

Increases the transport capacity

Empties proximal vessels- movt of the skin SRR

36
Q

How many times per minute does the stretch receptor reflex fire?

A

27-30 x p/ min

37
Q

What does the skeletal m pump do?

A

Stretches skin

38
Q

Explain the thoraco abdominal pump

A

Allows lymph to flow more

39
Q

Explain the pulsation of arteries

A

Edit

40
Q

What is the role of MLD in connective tissue?

A

Maintain gel balance