Lymphatic and Immune System: Homeostasis Flashcards
Know functions of the lymphatic system
- Drains excess ISF from tissue spaces and returns to blood
- Transports dietary lipids & vit ADEK from GI tract to lymph blood
- Provides innate immunity for envirmonmental damage (cuts, UV, chemicals)
- Provides adaptive immune responses B&T cells (cells midigate response-killer T cells, antibody mediated immune response- B cells
Know the organs and tissues that comprise the lymphatic system and their function. Know which are primary and which are secondary
- Lymph fluid
- Lymph vessels
- Red bone marrow (primary)
- Spleen (secondary)
- Nodes (secondary)
- Thymus (primary)
- Tonsils (secondary)
- Lymphocytes (WBC’s) B cells T cells
What is lymph composed of?
- Same composition as ISF
- Lymph vessels named for location in body
- Lymph fluid is
1. Clear
2. Contains no blood cells or blood proteins
3. Contains lipids
4. Contains no large proteins
How is lymph formed? Why are the lymphatic vessels so permeable
Formed by excess fluid from blood capillaries, enters blood at ducts above superior vena cava
To allow for better detoxification and movement of excess ISF
How and where does the lymphatic drainage enter the venous circulation?
Subclavian vein
Respitatory and muscular pumps promote flow, valves
What is the function of a lymph node and where are they located?
Filter lymph
* trap foreign substances in reticular fibers
* macrophages destroy some foreign substances w/ phagocytosis
* B&T cells destroy other foreign invaders w/ immune response
Located near
* mammary glands
* axillae
* groin
Know the names of the lymphatic nodule tissues.
MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue)-GI tract, urinary, reproductive, respiratory
5 tonsils (ring of immunity)
Peyer’s patches (ileum)
Appendix
Be able to define innate (non-specific) vs specific (acquired) defense systems.
Innate: immediate protection present at birth, no pathogen recognition, acts against all invaders the same way (1st line of defense, 2nd line of defense), immunity’s early warning system designed to prevent microbes from gaining access, eliminating those that do gain access
Specific: not present at birth, specific recognition of microbe when in breaches innate immunity defense, this is the immune response, immunity (specific response to specific microbe like bacteria, toxins, virus 1. cell-mediated, 2. antibody-mediated)
Define the “first and second” lines of defense? Know and explain the five signs of acute inflammation.
1st: Mechanical defenses
* skin
* mucous membranes
* tears
* saliva
* mucus
* cilia
* epiglottis
* urine flow
* defecating
* vomiting
* sebum
* lysozyme
* gastric juice
2nd: Internal defenses
* phagocytosis
* inflammation
* fever
* NK cells
* antimicrobial substances
Acute Inflammation
1. Heat (increased temp)
* vasodilation (increased blood flow/ metabolic rate
* fever (bacterial toxins, cytokines, intensifies interferon effect, inhibits microbial growth, speeds up body reactions
2. Redness
* increased blood flow
3. Swelling (Edema)
* more fluid into tissue spaces
* emigration of phagocytes from blood into ISF
4. Pain
* injury to neurons
* toxic chemicals from microbes
* pressure
5. Loss of Function
Where do you find natural killer cells and how do they act on infected body cells?
5-10% of lymphocytes in blood are NKC’s
Blood, spleen, nodes, bone marrow
Attack infected body cells and certain tumor cells
Attack any body cell that displays abnormal membrane proteins
Bind to infected human cell
* Causes release of toxic granules from NK cells (granzymes- apoptosis, perforin- cytolysis)
* kills cells but may not kill microbes in it
Know how phagocytes destroy microbes.
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
Killing
List antimicrobial substances. Know brief method of action.
- Interferon (secreted by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts): infere w/ viral replication
- Complement: enhances other immune rxn
- Transferrin (iron-binding proteins): inhibit bacteria needing Fe
- Antimicrobial proteins: kill microbes
Know what cytokines are and where they are produced and what they act on.
Protein hormone secreted by lymphocytes, APC’s, monocytes, etc.
Interleukin act on tumors
Alpha interferon acts on cancer, herpes, leukemia
Beta interferon acts on MS
Know the function of complement
Defense system: 30 proteins produced by liver
Circulate in blood plasma
Destroy microbes w/ phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflammation
Prevent excess damage to body tissue
Cascade reaction
Describe the two types of adaptive immunity. Know that adaptive immunity is specific and forms memory. Describe antibody mediated immunity? What is an antibody? Which cells form antibodies? What are the functions of antibodies?
Cell-Mediated Immunity: described on another flashcard
Anitbody-Mediated Immunity:
* B cells transform into plasma cells
* plasma cells secrete abs, antibodies or immunoglobulins (CD4 T helper cells)
* fight invaders outside of cell (body fluids, extracellular pathogens, virus, bacteria)
