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Biology 224 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Know where the blood is when the body is at rest. Know the significance of a blood reservoir.

A

Systemic veins and venules
blood reservoirs allow vasoconstriction of venous blood vessels for times of emergency

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2
Q

Be able to define coronary, pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal, and fetal circulation.

A

Systemic: left ventricle through aorta throughout body and back to heart via sup/inferior vena cava
Pulmonary: right ventricle through pulmonary trunk to lungs and back to heart through pulmonary veins to left atrium
Coronary: feeds heart
Hepatic Portal: blood flow from stomach/ sm. intestines to liver then to heart
Fetal: fetal heart through umbilical cord to placenta & back

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3
Q

Define anastomosis and understand its significance in the brain and heart.

A

Union of branches of 2+ arteries supplying the same region of the body
This ensures blood supply so specifically brain and heart do not die

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4
Q

Know the purpose of single line supplies of blood and where in the body this occurs.

A

Purpose of filtration in spleen and kidneys

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5
Q

Know the types of arteries and their functions. Be able to define Vasa Vasorum.

A

Elastic: function as a pressure reservoir
Muscular: direct blood flow to various parts of the body
Arterioles: delivers blood to capillaries
Vasa Vasorum: vessels of the vessels

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6
Q

Know how the aorta functions as a pressure reservoir.

A

Fill and snap back, pushes blood forward

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7
Q

Be able to explain how arterioles assist with regulating blood pressure.

A

Regulating resistance to blood flow by vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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8
Q

Be able to define vascular resistance and know what creates it in the blood vessels.

A

Vascular Resistance: opposition to blood flow due to friction inside vessels
friction between blood and walls of blood vessels, size of blood vessel lumen, total blood vessel length, and blood viscosity

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9
Q

Be able to list the properties of blood that affect blood pressure.

A

Hematocrit (RBC numbers)
Blood volume (affected by dehydration or kidney function)
Iron levels in blood

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10
Q

Be able to describe vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Understand the role of the blood vessel structure and the ANS with this.

A

Vasoconstriction: increase blood pressure
Vasodilation: decrease BP
Sympathetic Nerve Fibers (ANS) innervate the smooth muscle wall of blood vessels to control vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Be able to describe blood flow through the capillaries. Understand the importance of precapillary sphincters. Know the functions of the three different types of capillaries.

A

Arterioles-metarterioles-capillaries (if sphincters relaxed) or throughfare channel (if sphincters contracted)- postcapillary venule-muscular venule
Precapillary Sphincters: control blood flow by opening/closing capillary beds w/ meta-arterioles which maintains core BP
Continuous: in brain they form blood brain barrier w/ astrocytes
Fenestrated: active exchange sites w/ blood and ISF through the process of diffusion, deliver nutrients
Sinusoidal: allows for huge exchange such as cells that are able to move in and out of the blood stream

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12
Q

ESSAY QUESTION: Be able to describe capillary exchange in terms of interactions between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, and in terms of filtration and reabsorption.

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promote filtration
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) promote reabsorption

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13
Q

Be able to describe the Starling’s Law of the Capillaries.

A

Nearly as much fluid/substances reabsorbed as filtered

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14
Q

Know the factors affecting blood flow.

A

HR, SV, MAP, R

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15
Q

Be able to describe factors that contribute to venous return.

A
  • Valves in the veins
  • Pressure generated by constriction of left ventricle
  • Small pressure difference from venules (16 mmHg) and right ventricle (0mmHg)
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16
Q

Know how the two venous pumps work to return blood back to the heart.

A

Skeletal Pump: contract skeletal muscle and squeezes veins, valves prevent back flow, assisted with venule and ventricle pressure diferent for it form a vacuum
Respiratory Pump: due to decrease thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure during inhalation, pushes abdominal organs against veins assisting in moving the blood to the veins, valves prevent back flow

17
Q

Be able to describe factors that affect blood pressure.

A
  • Increased blood volume, 2 pumps, venoconstriction=increased venous return
  • Decreased parasympathetic impulse & increased sympathetic impulse
  • Increase HR
  • Increase SV
  • Increased CO
  • Increased number of red blood cells
  • Increased body size
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Increased total vessel length
  • vasoconstriction
  • Increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
18
Q

Be able to define vascular resistance and list the conditions that create it.

A

Opposition to blood flow due to fraction between blood and walls of vessels
Conditions that created it:
* friction inside vessels
* size of blood vessel lumen
* total vessel length
* blood viscosity

19
Q

Be able to describe the role of the cardiovascular center in terms of cardiovascular function.

A
  • Regulates HR and SV
  • controls nueral, hormonal, local negative feedback system to regulate BP and blood flow
  • Cardio stimulatory and cardioinhibitory centers reside here
  • vasomotor center control vessel diameter
  • receives input from both higher brain regions and sensory receptors
20
Q

Know how the Cardiovascular Center, ANS, Kidneys, Heart, Hypothalamus, etc. assist with controlling blood pressure.

A

Proprioceptors: in joints, muscles communicate
Baroreceptors: monitors pressure in aorta and carotid arteries
Chemoreceptors: monitors concentration of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in blood as it leaves heart and enters aorta and carotid arteries

21
Q

Describe how the cardiovascular system autoregulates blood pressure.

A

Automatically adjusts blood flow to match metabolic demands, O2 and nutrients rise during exercise

22
Q

Describe the factors that contribute to high blood pressure and which lifestyle changes will lower blood pressure.

A

Causes of high BP:
* Reduced artery diameter from plaque buildup increasing resistance
* Excessive salt intake causing water retention and increasing blood volume
* Dehydration increases blood velocity
Lifestyle changes:
* Lose weight
* Limit alcohol intake
* Exercise
* Reduce intake of salt
* DRI of K, Ca, and Mg

Biology 224 (15 decks)

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