lympahtic and immunity Flashcards
in blood type A- what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: A
antibodies: B
will make antibodies for rh or d factor
in blood type A+ what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: A
Antibodies: B
will not make antibodies for rh factor
in blood type B- what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: B
anitbodies: A
will make RH factor antibodies if exposed
in blood type B+ what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: B
antibodies: A
will not make antibodies on exposure to rh factor
in blood type AB- what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: A and B
antibodies: none
will make rh antibodies if exposed
in blood type AB+ what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: AB
antibodies: none
will not make rh antibodies if exposed
in blood type o- what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: none
antibodies: A and B
will make rh antibodies if exposed
in blood type o+ what are antigens on surface and antibodies?
antigens: none
antibodies: A and B
will not make RH factor antibodies
what is transfusion reaction?
adverse events associated with the transfusion of whole blood or one of its componenets
what are consequences of transfussion reaction?
will make antibodies causing clotting of cells to break down in circulatory system
what is agglutinogen?
an antigen that stimulates the production of an aglutinin
what is a agglutinin?
us a substance in blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate
what is homologous transfusion?
someone collecting and infusing the blood of a compatible donor into themselves
what is a autologous transfusion?
reinfusion of blood or blood components to the same individual who they were taken from
what are three main functions of lymphatic system?
immune defense
maintain blood volume
transport dietary lipids
what are the different types of tonsils and where they are located?
palatine tonsils- in the oropharynx
lingual tonsils- under the tongue
pharyngeal tonsil- roof of nasopharynx
which tonsil is reffered to as adenoid?
phayngeal
three functions of the spleen?
filters blood- macrophages remove pathogens
removes old RBC from circulation
immune servielence- innate immune responces to pathogens in blood
what type of cells does red pulp contain?
erythrocytes
what does white pulp resemble and cells?
resembles nodules and has lymphoid tissue so WBC
what organ atrophies in adulthood?
thymus gland
what immune cells mature in the thymus?
t-lymphocytes
what influences maturation of t-lymphocytes?
thymosins
function of lymph nodes?
filter lymph before returning to venous circulation
what type of ct predominates lymph nodes?
dense ct
where are lymph nodes most present in clumps?
cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
why is lymph nodes common site of cancer metasis?
because lymph nodes filter tissue
how is lymph circulated?
just like venous blood, respiratory pump and skeletal muscle pump
smooth muscle contraction
what structure in lymph vessels prevents backflow?
valves
what area is drained by right lymphatic duct?
right cervical, right thoracic, right arm
what area is drained by thoracic duct?
lower extremeties, left upper extremeties
what large veins do these ducts deliver lymph fluid to?
subclavian and internal jugular
what is interferons?
SPECIFIC Proteins secreted by virus infected cells; signal neighbouring cells to protect themselves against viral infection; activate NK cells and macrophages
what is NK cells?
SPECIFIC Special lymphocytes that patrol peripheral tissues; recognize and destroy abnormal cells (e.g. cancer cell or virus-infected cell) when they detect low MHC I levels on cell surface.
what are macrophages?
NONSPECIFIC Large phagocytes that engulf cellular debris, foreign particles/cells; present antigen to helper T cells.
what are inflammatory mediators?
chemicals secreted by cells that trigger inflammation
what are dendritic cells?
NONSPECIFIC Type of macrophage found in the epidermis and mucous membranes; engulf cellular debris, foreign particles/cells; present antigen to helper T cells.
what are cytotoxic T cells?
NONSPECIFIC T cells that secrete perforins and granzymes to destroy abnormal (cancer) cells, virus-infected cells and transplanted cells.
what are helper t cells?
NONSPECIFIC T cells that secrete cytokines (chemical signals) that mobilize other immune cells.
what are memory cells?
SPECIFIC Long lived T and B lymphocytes that are produced following exposure to an antigen and provide immunity over many years.
what are perforins?
NONSPECIFIC Proteins secreted by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells that make holes in target cells.
what are granzymes?
NONSPECIFIC Enzymes released by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells that induce cell death (apoptosis) by degrading cellular proteins and DNA.
what are antigen presenting cells?
NONSPECIFIC Display nonself-antigens on MHC II proteins to helper T cells.
what are B cells?
NONSPECIFIC Antigen presenting cells; differentiate into plasma cells.
what are plasma cells?
non-specific B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies?
what are antibodies?
SPECIFIC Proteins secreted by plasma cells that circulate in the blood where they recognize and bind foreign antigens.
what are the lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, thymus
two main types of lymphocytes and where the originate?
t lymphocytes- thymus
b lymphocytes- bone marrow
what is active vs passive immunity?
active immunity is developed due to production of antibodies in one own body
passive immunity is developed antibodies prodcued outisde then introduced into the body
what is non-specifc immunity?
in place before exposure to pathogens
secretions, defensins, pyrogens, interferons, completment, inflammation
