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European History > Lutheranism > Flashcards

Lutheranism Flashcards

1
Q

What monastic order did Luther belong to?

A

The Augustinians

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2
Q

Where did the money from indulgences go to?

A

Building St Peter’s Basilica
Pope Leo X

Archbishop of Mainz

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3
Q

Who sold indulgences within the empire ?

A

John Tetzel a Dominican friar

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4
Q

When did Luther publish the 95 theses?

A

31st October 1517

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5
Q

What was significant about the 31st October?

A

Day before ‘all souls day’ - a focus for the Catholic church and indulgence selling would be at an all time high

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6
Q

Name Luther’s 3 ideas

A

Sola scripture

Sola fide

Priesthood of all beliverd

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7
Q

Who arranged for Luther to teach at a university?

A

Johannes von Staupitz

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8
Q

Where did Luther teach theology?

A

University of Wittenberg

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9
Q

Describe Luthers concept of Sola fide

A

Means ‘faith alone’

Salvation could only be gained through faith,it was not dependent on ‘good works’

Came from the writings of St Augustine

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10
Q

Describe Luther’s concept of ‘Sola Scripture’

A

Scripture was the only guide to God not the authority of the Church

Unless it was in scripture it was unnecessary eg ingulgences and monastic life

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11
Q

Describe Luther’s concept of the Priesthood of a belivers

A

The clergy had no special status

Priests could marry

Priests did not have any direct links to God

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12
Q

What were Luther’s 3 most important written works?

A

Address to the christan Nobility of the German nation

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

The Freedom of a Christan man

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13
Q

What was the purpose of the Diet of Augsburg ?

A

To get Luther to recant his statements on defying the authority of the Pope

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14
Q

What was the outcome of the Diet of Ausburg in 1518?

A

Luther gained public support as the ‘honest German’ against the ‘Italian Pope’

Luther affirmed his doctrine and denied the Popes authority over indulgences

It was impossible for Cajetan to arrest Luther and take him to Rome

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15
Q

Who represented the Pope at the Diet of Augsburg in 1518

A

Cardinal Cajetan

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16
Q

What was the Leipzig Debate ?

A

A public debate on Luthers teachings held by Duke George at the Leipzig University

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17
Q

Who took part in the Leipzig debate?

A

John Eck: a respected Dominican friar who had dedicated his life to combating heresy,he was considered the best debater in Germany

And Martin Luther

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18
Q

what was the outcome of the Leipzig Debate

A

Luther confirmed his doctrine of faith alone saves, the scripture was what we had to believe and the authority of the Pope was based on a lie

Luther stated his agreement with some of the views of heretics like Jan Hus

Papacy had no option but to excommunicate Luther

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19
Q

What was the Papal bulls purpose ?

A

Condemened 41 of Luther’s views as heretical

People were forbidden to read his works and his books were burned

Luther was given 60 days to recant

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20
Q

Who was responsible for publishing the bull in Germany?

A

John Eck

21
Q

How did Luther react to the Papal Bull?

A

He burned a copy on a bonfire- symbolic of burning Pope Leo X himself

22
Q

When was Charles V elected HRE?

A

1519

23
Q

Why did Charles call the Diet of Worms in 1521?

A

Charles wanted to play fairly: he was not blind to the faults of the Church

Charles did not want to upset the German Princes and electors whom he owned his new postion to

Public opinion was pro-luther making arresting him without a hearing too difficult

24
Q

What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms ?

A

Charles made it clear to the princes there would be no religious compromise
All future Diets and civil unrest resulted from attempts to enforce the Edict of Worms

Luther now had popular public support and had begun the first steps to gaining the support of the established authorities

25
Q

What happed to Luther after the Diet of Worms?

A

He was given safe passage from the Diet to Wittenberg but was “kidnapped’ in the way by Fred the Wise and held at Wartburg Castle

26
Q

What was the most significant thing Luther did during his stay at Wartburg ?

A

Began to translate the New Testament into the vernacular (German)

27
Q

Why did Frederick the Wise support/protect Luther in the years 1517-1521?

A

Frederick had a bitter rivalry with his brother Duke George, George was against Luther while Fred supported him: evidence of family rivalry

Frederick was motivated by a sense of nationalism fuelled by anti-papal and anti-italian feeling due to Italian interference in German affairs and taxation

Fred was respected for his wisdom and sense of justice so may if wanted to give Luther a fair chance to explain himself, Wittenberg Uni was Fredericks and Luther was one of his professors

28
Q

What happened in Wittenberg during Luther’s absence involving Carlstadt?

A

A pupil of Luther’s Andreas Carlstadt carried out what he though was Luther’s views…

He supported clerical marriage of the Clergy and monastic orders

Got rid of rituals in the Catholic Mass eg wearing ordinary clothes instead of vestments

Encouraged iconicalsim and the removal of statues and images

29
Q

What happened in Wittenberg during Luther’s absence with the Zwickau Prophets ?

A

Wittenberg began to attract more extreme views like the Zwickau Prophet who preached:

There was no real presence during the Eucharist

There was no biblical example from the New Testament of infant baptism and that reformers should carry out Adult baptism

30
Q

When Luther returned to Wittenberg what doctrine did he confirm?

A

There was nothing wrong with sacred art and statues as long as they weren’t excessive

Confirmed the body of Christ was physically present during communion ‘consubstansiation’
Confirmed infant baptism and clerical marriage

Made it clear it was the duty of the secular ruler to impose discipline on the Church

31
Q

Who was present at the Colliquy of Marburg in 1529 ?

A

Philipp of Hesse

Martin Luther

Zwingli

32
Q

What was disscused at the colloguy of Marburg and what was the outcome?

A

The nature of the Real Presence in the bread and Wine

The outcome was a disasteroud split between the Protestant reformers

33
Q

Why was Lutheranism successful?

A

Luther had gained support from the German Princes

The absence of Charles V from Germany

Luthers personal contribution
The impact of printing and spoken word especially on imperial cities

34
Q

Why did the German Princes support Luther/Lutheranism?

A

Economic: Luther supported the secularisation of Church property, Church owned 30% of Germany so the temptation for Princes to seize this and Papal taxation meant they supported Lutheranism.

Political: The removal of Church authority was increase power rulers eg they could appoint Bishops - no more deferring to Popes authority.

Social: Luther made it clear Lutheranism was on the side of social order: the Peasants Revolt and Luthers condemnation of it demonstrated he was on the side of the established authorites.

Religious: Luther’s teachings were that it was the job of secular rulers to reform,organise and preserve the Church while the Church’s influence was in spiritual matters only.

35
Q

What did the support of the German Princes bring to the Lutheran cause?

A

Provided organisation in the form of establishing Churches, Universities and printing presses so Lutheran doctrine could be distributed to the masses.

Provided disciple; expelled radicals reformers eg the Zwickau Prophets and stopped civil opposition/ uprisings eg the Peasants Revolt.

Provided military protection in the form of the Schmalkaldic league, resisted Charles V attempts to eradicate Luthernaism and Luther himself .

36
Q

Who was Philip Melanchthon and what role did he play in the success of Lutheranism?

A

Philip Melanchton was Luthers Chief Lieutenant and disciple.

Success:
1) He balanced Luther’s passion and violent enthusiasm, trying to moderate his attitudes.

2) He brought together Luthers scattered theology into a doctrine of clear beliefs = the Loci Communes (1521).
3) He was present at the Colloguy of Marburg (1529) wrote the statement of faith at the Diet of Augsburg (1530) and led talks at Regensburg (1541).

37
Q

Why did Charles V want to stop/halt/eradicate Lutheranism?

A

1) Charles was very pious and held the task of defender of the Catholic Faith (an oath he had taken when he became HRE) he wanted to preserve Catholicism for both personal and political reasons…
2) The Catholic Church stood for a single and undivided faith and its influence was international, it helped to preserve order and authority which was crucial for Charles to maintain control within his vast empire.
3) The unity of Christendom was essential in the face of external pressure including the advance of the Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe ( a weak HRE would be an easy target)

38
Q

Why was Charles V absent from Germany during the reformation?

A

1) His empire was so vast that he couldn’t concentrate all his resources/energy on Germany alone, other areas needed his attention including revolts in Spain and the Netherlands
2) The threat of the Ottoman Empire and the Turks: the advance of Islam was a pressing problem for Charles as he was constantly away defending his eastern borders.
3) The threat of France and constant war with Francis I due to the Habsburg and Valior rivalry.

39
Q

What was the impact of printed word on the spread of Lutheranism?

A

The printing press had allowed Luther’s works including the 95 theses, the translated Bible and the catechism to be printed and widely distributed.
Luther developed a non-theological, homely style for his pamphlets that appealed to ordinary readers.

40
Q

What was the impact of printed images on the spread of Lutheranism?

A

Mass illiteracy meant woodcuts were the best way to explain Luther’s idea to the commonality … historian Robert Scribner explained that woodcuts were crude,cheap and effective.
Woodcuts reduced Luther’s message to a few simple points usually ‘sola scripture’, the Bible and corruption of the Church.

41
Q

What was the impact of spoken word on the spread of Lutheranism

A

1) It was a major source of mass media as large proportions of the population were illiterate
2) It bridged the gap between town and country as evangelical ideas were spread by word of mouth
3) It was an informal style,sermons delivered in public spaces had novelty value

42
Q

Name 2 negative consequences of the Lutheran reformation

A

The knights war

The peasants war

43
Q

Who where the leaders of the Knights War?

A

Ulrich von hutten

Franz von Sickingen

44
Q

Why did the Knights War start?

A

Because the Knights status was under threat,they seemed to want political change to restore their prestige

45
Q

What happened during the Knights War

A

In 1552 the Knights attacked the city of Trier owned by the CC in the name of the Lutheran ref but failed

46
Q

What where the consequences of the Knights War?

A
  • The knights were hunted down and killed
  • The imperial knights were no longer a political force
  • Luther made it clear he had nothing to do with violence his programme was religious only
47
Q

What years where the Peasants War?

A

1524-5

48
Q

Name 3 causes of the Peasants War

A
  • Bad harvest and famines caused widespread discontent
  • In S + W Germany landlords were restricting peasants freedoms and increasing their labours many were still serfs
  • Higher taxes were imposed on the populance who already paid tithers to the Church,the grasping demands of landlords who where members of the Church

European History (8 decks)

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