Lutheranism

Question 1

What monastic order did Luther belong to?

Answer 1

The Augustinians

Question 2

Where did the money from indulgences go to?

Answer 2

Building St Peter’s Basilica
Pope Leo X

Archbishop of Mainz

Question 3

Who sold indulgences within the empire ?

Answer 3

John Tetzel a Dominican friar

Question 4

When did Luther publish the 95 theses?

Answer 4

31st October 1517

Question 5

What was significant about the 31st October?

Answer 5

Day before ‘all souls day’ - a focus for the Catholic church and indulgence selling would be at an all time high

Question 6

Name Luther’s 3 ideas

Answer 6

Sola scripture

Sola fide

Priesthood of all beliverd

Question 7

Who arranged for Luther to teach at a university?

Answer 7

Johannes von Staupitz

Question 8

Where did Luther teach theology?

Answer 8

University of Wittenberg

Question 9

Describe Luthers concept of Sola fide

Answer 9

Means ‘faith alone’

Salvation could only be gained through faith,it was not dependent on ‘good works’

Came from the writings of St Augustine

Question 10

Describe Luther’s concept of ‘Sola Scripture’

Answer 10

Scripture was the only guide to God not the authority of the Church

Unless it was in scripture it was unnecessary eg ingulgences and monastic life

Question 11

Describe Luther’s concept of the Priesthood of a belivers

Answer 11

The clergy had no special status

Priests could marry

Priests did not have any direct links to God

Question 12

What were Luther’s 3 most important written works?

Answer 12

Address to the christan Nobility of the German nation

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

The Freedom of a Christan man

Question 13

What was the purpose of the Diet of Augsburg ?

Answer 13

To get Luther to recant his statements on defying the authority of the Pope

Question 14

What was the outcome of the Diet of Ausburg in 1518?

Answer 14

Luther gained public support as the ‘honest German’ against the ‘Italian Pope’

Luther affirmed his doctrine and denied the Popes authority over indulgences

It was impossible for Cajetan to arrest Luther and take him to Rome

Question 15

Who represented the Pope at the Diet of Augsburg in 1518

Answer 15

Cardinal Cajetan

Question 16

What was the Leipzig Debate ?

Answer 16

A public debate on Luthers teachings held by Duke George at the Leipzig University

Question 17

Who took part in the Leipzig debate?

Answer 17

John Eck: a respected Dominican friar who had dedicated his life to combating heresy,he was considered the best debater in Germany

And Martin Luther

Question 18

what was the outcome of the Leipzig Debate

Answer 18

Luther confirmed his doctrine of faith alone saves, the scripture was what we had to believe and the authority of the Pope was based on a lie

Luther stated his agreement with some of the views of heretics like Jan Hus

Papacy had no option but to excommunicate Luther

Question 19

What was the Papal bulls purpose ?

Answer 19

Condemened 41 of Luther’s views as heretical

People were forbidden to read his works and his books were burned

Luther was given 60 days to recant

Question 20

Who was responsible for publishing the bull in Germany?

Answer 20

John Eck

Question 21

How did Luther react to the Papal Bull?

Answer 21

He burned a copy on a bonfire- symbolic of burning Pope Leo X himself

Question 22

When was Charles V elected HRE?

Answer 22

1519

Question 23

Why did Charles call the Diet of Worms in 1521?

Answer 23

Charles wanted to play fairly: he was not blind to the faults of the Church

Charles did not want to upset the German Princes and electors whom he owned his new postion to

Public opinion was pro-luther making arresting him without a hearing too difficult

Question 24

What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms ?

Answer 24

Charles made it clear to the princes there would be no religious compromise
All future Diets and civil unrest resulted from attempts to enforce the Edict of Worms

Luther now had popular public support and had begun the first steps to gaining the support of the established authorities

Question 25

What happed to Luther after the Diet of Worms?

Answer 25

He was given safe passage from the Diet to Wittenberg but was “kidnapped’ in the way by Fred the Wise and held at Wartburg Castle

Question 26

What was the most significant thing Luther did during his stay at Wartburg ?

Answer 26

Began to translate the New Testament into the vernacular (German)

Question 27

Why did Frederick the Wise support/protect Luther in the years 1517-1521?

Answer 27

Frederick had a bitter rivalry with his brother Duke George, George was against Luther while Fred supported him: evidence of family rivalry

Frederick was motivated by a sense of nationalism fuelled by anti-papal and anti-italian feeling due to Italian interference in German affairs and taxation

Fred was respected for his wisdom and sense of justice so may if wanted to give Luther a fair chance to explain himself, Wittenberg Uni was Fredericks and Luther was one of his professors

Question 28

What happened in Wittenberg during Luther’s absence involving Carlstadt?

Answer 28

A pupil of Luther’s Andreas Carlstadt carried out what he though was Luther’s views…

He supported clerical marriage of the Clergy and monastic orders

Got rid of rituals in the Catholic Mass eg wearing ordinary clothes instead of vestments

Encouraged iconicalsim and the removal of statues and images

Question 29

What happened in Wittenberg during Luther’s absence with the Zwickau Prophets ?

Answer 29

Wittenberg began to attract more extreme views like the Zwickau Prophet who preached:

There was no real presence during the Eucharist

There was no biblical example from the New Testament of infant baptism and that reformers should carry out Adult baptism

Question 30

When Luther returned to Wittenberg what doctrine did he confirm?

Answer 30

There was nothing wrong with sacred art and statues as long as they weren’t excessive

Confirmed the body of Christ was physically present during communion ‘consubstansiation’
Confirmed infant baptism and clerical marriage

Made it clear it was the duty of the secular ruler to impose discipline on the Church

Question 31

Who was present at the Colliquy of Marburg in 1529 ?

Answer 31

Philipp of Hesse

Martin Luther

Zwingli

Question 32

What was disscused at the colloguy of Marburg and what was the outcome?

Answer 32

The nature of the Real Presence in the bread and Wine

The outcome was a disasteroud split between the Protestant reformers

Question 33

Why was Lutheranism successful?

Answer 33

Luther had gained support from the German Princes

The absence of Charles V from Germany

Luthers personal contribution
The impact of printing and spoken word especially on imperial cities

Question 34

Why did the German Princes support Luther/Lutheranism?

Answer 34

Economic: Luther supported the secularisation of Church property, Church owned 30% of Germany so the temptation for Princes to seize this and Papal taxation meant they supported Lutheranism.

Political: The removal of Church authority was increase power rulers eg they could appoint Bishops - no more deferring to Popes authority.

Social: Luther made it clear Lutheranism was on the side of social order: the Peasants Revolt and Luthers condemnation of it demonstrated he was on the side of the established authorites.

Religious: Luther’s teachings were that it was the job of secular rulers to reform,organise and preserve the Church while the Church’s influence was in spiritual matters only.

Question 35

What did the support of the German Princes bring to the Lutheran cause?

Answer 35

Provided organisation in the form of establishing Churches, Universities and printing presses so Lutheran doctrine could be distributed to the masses.

Provided disciple; expelled radicals reformers eg the Zwickau Prophets and stopped civil opposition/ uprisings eg the Peasants Revolt.

Provided military protection in the form of the Schmalkaldic league, resisted Charles V attempts to eradicate Luthernaism and Luther himself .

Question 36

Who was Philip Melanchthon and what role did he play in the success of Lutheranism?

Answer 36

Philip Melanchton was Luthers Chief Lieutenant and disciple.

Success:
1) He balanced Luther’s passion and violent enthusiasm, trying to moderate his attitudes.

2) He brought together Luthers scattered theology into a doctrine of clear beliefs = the Loci Communes (1521).
3) He was present at the Colloguy of Marburg (1529) wrote the statement of faith at the Diet of Augsburg (1530) and led talks at Regensburg (1541).

Question 37

Why did Charles V want to stop/halt/eradicate Lutheranism?

Answer 37

1) Charles was very pious and held the task of defender of the Catholic Faith (an oath he had taken when he became HRE) he wanted to preserve Catholicism for both personal and political reasons…
2) The Catholic Church stood for a single and undivided faith and its influence was international, it helped to preserve order and authority which was crucial for Charles to maintain control within his vast empire.
3) The unity of Christendom was essential in the face of external pressure including the advance of the Ottoman Empire in eastern Europe ( a weak HRE would be an easy target)

Question 38

Why was Charles V absent from Germany during the reformation?

Answer 38

1) His empire was so vast that he couldn’t concentrate all his resources/energy on Germany alone, other areas needed his attention including revolts in Spain and the Netherlands
2) The threat of the Ottoman Empire and the Turks: the advance of Islam was a pressing problem for Charles as he was constantly away defending his eastern borders.
3) The threat of France and constant war with Francis I due to the Habsburg and Valior rivalry.

Question 39

What was the impact of printed word on the spread of Lutheranism?

Answer 39

The printing press had allowed Luther’s works including the 95 theses, the translated Bible and the catechism to be printed and widely distributed.
Luther developed a non-theological, homely style for his pamphlets that appealed to ordinary readers.

Question 40

What was the impact of printed images on the spread of Lutheranism?

Answer 40

Mass illiteracy meant woodcuts were the best way to explain Luther’s idea to the commonality … historian Robert Scribner explained that woodcuts were crude,cheap and effective.
Woodcuts reduced Luther’s message to a few simple points usually ‘sola scripture’, the Bible and corruption of the Church.

Question 41

What was the impact of spoken word on the spread of Lutheranism

Answer 41

1) It was a major source of mass media as large proportions of the population were illiterate
2) It bridged the gap between town and country as evangelical ideas were spread by word of mouth
3) It was an informal style,sermons delivered in public spaces had novelty value

Question 42

Name 2 negative consequences of the Lutheran reformation

Answer 42

The knights war

The peasants war

Question 43

Who where the leaders of the Knights War?

Answer 43

Ulrich von hutten

Franz von Sickingen

Question 44

Why did the Knights War start?

Answer 44

Because the Knights status was under threat,they seemed to want political change to restore their prestige

Question 45

What happened during the Knights War

Answer 45

In 1552 the Knights attacked the city of Trier owned by the CC in the name of the Lutheran ref but failed

Question 46

What where the consequences of the Knights War?

Answer 46

• The knights were hunted down and killed
• The imperial knights were no longer a political force
• Luther made it clear he had nothing to do with violence his programme was religious only

Question 47

What years where the Peasants War?

Answer 47

1524-5

Question 48

Name 3 causes of the Peasants War

Answer 48

• Bad harvest and famines caused widespread discontent
• In S + W Germany landlords were restricting peasants freedoms and increasing their labours many were still serfs
• Higher taxes were imposed on the populance who already paid tithers to the Church,the grasping demands of landlords who where members of the Church