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Patho 2 > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Resorption atelectasis

A

Obstruction from any cause (mucous plug common)

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2
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

Accumulation of fluid, blood, and air in the plural cavity

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3
Q

Microatelectasis:

A

loss of surfactant

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4
Q

Contraction atelectasis (cicatrization)

A

Fibrotic process in lung or pleura

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5
Q

Acutre Respiratory Distress Syndrome is characterized by

A

Diffuse alveolar capillary damage
Respiratory failure
Hypoxemia (↓ O2) refractory to O2 therapy
Absence of clinical evidence showing left-sided heart failure

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6
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC

A

decreased, normal/increased, decreased

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7
Q

Restrictive Lung disease FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC

A

decreased, decreased, no change

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8
Q

what happens during obstructive diseases?

A

air can’t get out of lung

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9
Q

asthma

A

reversible, caused by external stimuli

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10
Q

extrinsic asthma (immune)

A

hypersensitivty rxn involving IgE and eosinophils

atopic is most common

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11
Q

intrinsic asthma

A

cold air, exercise, infection/virus

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12
Q

sputum findings of asthma

A

Curschmann spiral : Inspissated sputum and epithelial cells

Charcot leyden crystal.

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13
Q

chronic bronchitis is associated with

A

Smoking (mcc)
Air pollution (Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen) dioxide)
Infection
Genetics

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14
Q

emphysema

A

Destruction of alveolar wall by smoking (mcc) or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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15
Q

centiacinar emphysema

A

Characteristic in smoking-related emphysema

Destruction of the central or proximal parts of the acinus

Location: Upper lobes (apical)

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16
Q

panacinar emphysema

A

Etiology: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Basal zones of lungs

17
Q

Distal Acinar or Paraseptal EmphysemaAKA: Bullous Emphysema

A

Located near to the pleura
Location: upper lobe of the lungs
Complication: blebs form and can result in pneumothorax

18
Q

blue bloaters are seen in…

pink puffers….

A

chronic bronchitis

emphysema

19
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Obstruction + Infection
permanent
seen in lower lobes w/saccular appearance

20
Q

predisposing factors of bronchiectasis

A

Cystic fibrosis
Immunodeficiency states
Kartagener syndrome-defect in cilia motility

21
Q

what happens during restrictive lung diseases?

A

Reduced expansion of the lung and reduced total lung capacity
Lungs are stiff (fibrotic disease)
Chest wall is very stiff
Respiratory muscles are weak (prevent adequate lung expansion)

22
Q

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the alveolar wall

23
Q

sarcoidosis

A

disease with non-caseating granulomas (can involve any organ)
CD4:CD8 ratio > 3.5
commonly involves hilar lymph nodes
shuamann body and asteroid body

24
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

Environmental diseases caused by inhalation of organic dust, mineral dust, fumes or vapor

25
Q

asbestos

A

Parietal Pleura: dense hyalinized fibrocalcific plaque

26
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

Necrotizing, hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis with progressive glomerulonephritis

27
Q

pulmonary HTN leads to

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

28
Q

primary exposure to TB causes….

A

hypersensitivity, creating a granuloma lesion called a Ghon focus

29
Q

most primary lung tumors arise from

A

bronchial epitheleum

30
Q

non-smokers can get this type of lung cancer

A

adenocarcinoma, KRAS mutations seen

31
Q

this cancer is seen exclusively in smokers

A

small cell carcinoma

32
Q

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

A

70-75% of all lung Ca cases
p16/CDKN2A &
K-RAS mutations
p53 mutation

33
Q

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC)

A

20-25%

TP53 & RB gene mutations

34
Q

lung cancer metastasis

A

Distant: Brain, Liver, Bone
Adrenals (Addison’s disease is common)
Plural and pericardial involvement
Superior vena caval syndrome (congestion of veins in neck and face)

35
Q

SCC effects on other organs…

A

secrete PTH like hormone leads to hypercalcemia

36
Q

small cell carcinoma effects on other organs

A

secrete ACTH, cushing syndrome

secrete ADH, SIADH

37
Q

malignant carcinoid effect on other organs

A

secrete serotonin, carcinoid syndrome

38
Q

origin of bronchial carcinoid

A

Enterochromaffin cells aka Kulchitsky cells

Patho 2 (3 decks)

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