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Patho 2 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What are the branches of the coronary artery?

A
  • Left anterior descending
  • Left circumflex
  • right coronary artery
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2
Q

intramural arteries

A

penetrate myocardium

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3
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonic

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4
Q

AV valves

A

mitral and tricuspid

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5
Q

systolic dysfunction is caused by

A

ischemic injury and HTN, decreased contractility leads to inadequate CO

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6
Q

diastolic injury is caused by

A

inability of heart to relax and expand effectively

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7
Q

concentric hypertrophy is caused from

A

HTN/stenosis
Pressure-overload hypertrophy
Increase in wall thickness

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8
Q

Volume-overload hypertrophy (eccentric)

A

Dilation of heart with increased ventricular diameter

Muscle mass and wall thickness increased in proportion of chamber diameter

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9
Q

right sided heart failure is mostly caused by

A
  • cor pulmonale, chronic pulmonary HTN

- left sided heart failure

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10
Q

left sided heart failure is caused by….

and shows these types of cells

A
  • ischemic heart disease
  • HTN
  • valvular disease
  • siderophages
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11
Q

left sided heart failure effects on kidneys

A

-decreased perfusion, activate RAA, counteracted by ANP (diurectic)

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12
Q

right sided heart failure effects on liver

A
  • ascites

- nutmeg liver

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13
Q

presacral

anasarca

A

edema in sacral area of bedridden pts

general massive edema

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14
Q

3 main malformations

A

Left-to-right shunt
Right-to-left shunt (cyanotic congenital heart disease)
Obstruction

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15
Q

3 types of ASD

A

Secundum (90%): from oval fossa
Primum: adjacent to AV valves
Sinus venosus: near entrance of superior vena cava

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16
Q

machinery like murmur

A

PDA

17
Q

Tetrology of Fallot

A

VSD
Obstruction to right ventricular outflow tract
Aorta that overrides VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy
(clinical severity depends on degree of pulmonary stenosis)

18
Q

Tricuspid atresia

A

Complete occlusion of the tricuspid valve

R to L shunt necesary

19
Q

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)

A

No pulmonary veins directly join the left atrium

drains into coronary sinus

20
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A
  • associated w/turner syndrome

- 50% of the cases accompanied with bicuspid aortic valve

21
Q

Acute Coronary syndrome

A 
Myocardial ischemia precipitated by abrupt plaque change followed by thrombosis
Initiated by
Rupture/fissuring
Erosion/ulceration
Hemorrhage into the atheroma
22
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Transient (15 seconds-15 min) myocardial ischemia that does not cause necrosis

23
Q

Stable
Prinzmetal
Unstable

A

most common
occurs at rest, coronary artery spasm
patterns of pain w/increased freq, sudden change in plaque morphology

24
Q

transmural MI

subendocardial MI

A

Ischemic necrosis involving the full thickness of the ventricular wall (seen w/atherosclerosis)
Ischemic necrosis limited to inner one third or at most one half of the ventricular wall (plaque disruption/shock)

25
Q

how long does myocardial necrosis take after after occlusion?

A

30 minutes

26
Q

Coagulation necrosis occurs how long after occlusion?

Marginal contraction band necrosis, neutrophils infiltrate how long after occlusion?

A

4 - 12 hr

12 - 24 hr

27
Q

Cardiac specific biomarkers for MI

A

troponin-I and troponin-T, formerly CK-MB

28
Q

complication post MI

A
  • arrhythmias
  • mural thrombus
  • chronic ischemic heart disease
29
Q

most common valvular stenosis locations

A

aortic-calcification

mitral-rheumatic heart disease

30
Q

acute rheumatic heart disease shows….

A

Aschoff bodies
“bread-and butter” pericarditis
Anitschkow cells

31
Q

chronic rrheumatic heart disease shows…

A

Acute inflammation and subsequent fibrosis

Valve leaflets become thick and retracted = permanent deformity

32
Q

infective endocarditis

A

Aortic and mitral valve – most common
Destroy underlying cardiac tissue
Most cases caused by bacterial endocarditis

33
Q

causative organisms of infective endocarditis

A

Abnormal valves-Steptococcus viridans
IV drug users-S. aureus
Prosthetic valves Coagulase-negative staphylococci (S. epidermidis)

34
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • heart is 2-3x heavier than normal

- EF <25%

35
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

without ventricular dilation
Harsh systolic ejection murmur
Also know as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)

36
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Disease in ventricular compliance…impaired ventricular filling during diastole

37
Q

Myxoma

A

Most common primary tumor of the heart in adults

38
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Most frequent primary tumor of the heart in infants and children

Patho 2 (3 decks)

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