Lungs

Question 1

Where are the lungs located

Answer 1

Either side of the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pleural cavity

Question 2

What are the lung roots

Answer 2

Collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs

They suspend each lung from the mediastinum

Question 3

What are the parts of the lungs

Answer 3

Apex
Base
Lobes
3 surfaces - costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic
3 borders - anterior, inferior and posterior

Question 4

What is the lung apex

Answer 4

Superior end of the lung which extends above the level of the 1st rib

Question 5

What is the lung base

Answer 5

Concave inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm

Question 6

How many lobes does each lung have

Answer 6

Left - 2 (superior and inferior)

Right - 3 (superior, middle and inferior)

Question 7

How are the lung surfaces named

Answer 7

They correspond to the area of the thorax that they face

Question 8

What divides the lungs into lobes

Answer 8

Fissures

Question 9

What fissures divide the left lung

Answer 9

Left oblique fissure

Question 10

What fissures divide the right lung

Answer 10

Right oblique fissure

Horizontal fissure

Question 11

Where does the oblique fissure run from and to

Answer 11

From the inferior border to the posterior border in a superoposterior direction

Question 12

Where does the horizontal fissure run from and to

Answer 12

From the sternum at the level of rib 4 to the oblique fissure in a horizontal direction

Question 13

What surface is the hilum on

Answer 13

Mediastinal

Question 14

Where is the mediastinal surface

Answer 14

Faces the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum

Question 15

Where is the diaphragmatic surface

Answer 15

Base of the lungs facing the diaphragm

Question 16

Where is the costal surface

Answer 16

Faces the internal surface of the chest wall

Question 17

What forms the anterior border

Answer 17

Anterior convergence of the mediastinal and costal surfaces

Question 18

What difference is there between the anterior borders on the left and right lung

Answer 18

Anterior border of the left lung is marked by the cardiac notch

Question 19

What does the inferior border separate

Answer 19

Base of the lung from the mediastinal and costal surfaces

Question 20

What forms the posterior border

Answer 20

Posterior convergence of the costal and mediastinal surfaces

Question 21

Which borders are smooth/sharp

Answer 21

Anterior and inferior borders are sharp

Posterior border is smooth

Question 22

What’s contained in the lung root

Answer 22

Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
Bronchial vessels
Pulmonary plexus of nerves 
Lymphatic vessels

Question 23

What is the hilum

Answer 23

Wedge shaped area on the mediastinal surface of each lung where structures enter and leave the lung

Question 24

Course of the trachea

Answer 24

Begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage in the neck
Terminates at the level of the sternal angle by dividing into the right and left bronchi

Question 25

What supports the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea

Answer 25

Trachealis muscle

Question 26

What is the carina

Answer 26

Angle between the right and left main bronchi

Question 27

What epithelia lines the trachea

Answer 27

Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelia

Question 28

Which bronchus are inspired objects more likely to fall into and why

Answer 28

Right main bronchus | It's shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 29

Course of each bronchus

Answer 29

Enters the root of the lung through the hilum | They divide into lobar bronchi each suppling one lobe

Question 30

Length of each bronchus

Answer 30

Left - 5cm | Right - 2.5cm

Question 31

Where does the right main bronchus give off its lobar branches

Answer 31

Upper lobar branch comes off before reaching the hilum | Middle and lower lobar branches come off inside the lung

Question 32

What do lobar branches divid into

Answer 32

Segmental bronchi

Question 33

Where does the left main bronchus pass

Answer 33

Below the arch of aorta | Anterior to the descending aorta and oesophagus

Question 34

What does each segmental bronchus supply air to

Answer 34

A bronchopulmonary segment

Question 35

What do segmental bronchi divide into

Answer 35

Conducting bronchioles which lead to terminal bronchioles

Question 36

What do terminal bronchioles give off

Answer 36

Respiratory bronchioles which have alveoli

Question 37

Where do pulmonary arteries arise

Answer 37

Level of the sternal angle

Question 38

Blood supply of the lungs

Answer 38

Pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary -> lobar -> segmental arteries

Question 39

How are arteries and bronchi similar

Answer 39

They have parallel courses and branch simultaneously

Question 40

What are the pulmonary veins

Answer 40

Superior and inferior

Question 41

Oxygen content of pulmonary arteries/veins

Answer 41

Arteries are deoxygenated | Veins are oxygenated

Question 42

What does the middle lobe vein drain into

Answer 42

Right superior pulmonary vein

Question 43

What do bronchial arteries supply

Answer 43

Structures making up the root of the lungs Supporting tissues of the lungs Visceral pleura

Question 44

Arterial supply of the supporting tissues of the lungs

Answer 44

Thoracic aorta -> 2 left bronchial arteries | Thoracic aorta -> 3rd intercostal -> right bronchial artery

Question 45

What are the 2 groups of bronchial veins

Answer 45

Superficial | Deep

Question 46

What do the deep and superficial groups of bronchial veins drain

Answer 46

Superficial - visceral pleura and bronchi in the hilar region Deep - rest of the bronchi

Question 47

What does the superficial group of bronchial veins drain into

Answer 47

Azygous vein on the right | Accessory hemiazygous on the left

Question 48

What does the deep group of bronchial veins drain into

Answer 48

Pulmonary vein

Question 49

Innervation of the lungs

Answer 49

Pulmonary plexus

Question 50

Sympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus

Answer 50

Sympathetic trunks

Question 51

Parasympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus

Answer 51

Vagus nerve

Question 52

Where do visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexus conduct pain impulses to

Answer 52

Sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve