lungs

Question 1

1) Explain the anatomical adaptations in organisms with respiratory systems that maximise gas exchange (make specific reference to surface area:volume ratio, thickness of exchange surface and concentration gradient)

Answer 1

-the large surface area of alveoli and steep conc gradient between the aleolar air and blood and thin walla of alviolar capillaries combine to ensure rapid diffusion across the gas exchange surface
-numerous capillaries surrounding alveoli maintain continuous blood flow fo the lungs
-volume in the thorax increases as the ribs move up and the diaphragm moves down creating low pressure in the lungs air is drawn into the lungs via the trachea due to this low pressure

Question 2

2) Give the formula for Fick’s Law

Answer 2

the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to

surface area x difference in conc
———————————————
thickness of gas exchange surface

Question 3

3) Explain how each of these factors would alter the rate of gas exchange (consider the impact on Fick’s Law for each):
a) Increased thickness of gas exchange surface due to thicker mucus
b) Reduction in the concentration gradient between the alveolar space and capillaries
c) Damage to alveoli resulting in a reduction in their number

Answer 3

a) diffusion pathway lengthened
b) not enough oxygen would diffuse out of the alveoli and into the bloodstream so the body wouldnt recieve enough oxygen
c) les gas exchange would take place so the body would recieve less oxygen

Question 4

4) Explain the role of goblet cells in the respiratory system

Answer 4

produces mucus

Question 5

5) Explain the role of ciliated epithelial cells in the respiratory system

Answer 5

provides force to push mucus up and out of the airways which removes pathogens

Answer 6

to push mucus up out of the airways