Lungs Flashcards
What does cell respiration’s involve
Atp is produced
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Anaerobic respiration animals equation
Glucose —> lactate
Anerobic respiration plants and yeast equation
Glucose —> ethonal + carbon dioxide
Effective respiratory surfaces characteristics
- large sa
- thin
- permable to some gases
- ventilation of internal medium to allow maintenance of conc gradient
- movobent of inetrnl medium to allow maintenance of conc gradient
Name the structures in gas exchange
- lungs
- trachea
- bronci
- Bronchioles
- alveoli
What are alveolar and capillary cells made out of
Squamous epithelium
2 features as to why the squamous epithelium is suited for gas exchange
- very thin
- flat = large sa
Why is there slow blood flow in the capillaries
- allows for more time for gas exchange
How are lungs adapted to ensure rapid gas exchange in the alveoli
- red blood slowd in caillaries
- thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
- large sa of squamous epithelium cells and endothelium cells
- breathing action minains cg
- blood flow aintains cg
What is partial pressure
The concentration of a gas
Describe how o2 diffuses from alveoli to the red blood cells
- diffuses through alveolar space
- dissolves in mucas
- dissolves through alveolus cell
- diffuses through capillary cells
- diffsues through plasma
- diffusesthrough semi permable mebenw of red blood cells
- o2 joins with haemoglobin to form oxuhaemoglobin
Mechanism of breathing
Where does air move when breathed in
Down a pressure gradient into the lungs
Where does air move when we breath out
Down the pressure gradient out of the lungs
Describe exhalation
- diaphragm relaxes and domes
- internal intercostal muscles contract so ribs move down and in
- volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
- pressure in the thoracic cavity increases
- so air moves Down the pressure gradient
Describe inhalation
- diaphragm contracts ad flattens
- external intercostal muscles contacts - ribs move up and out
- volume of the thoracic cavity increases
- pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases
- so air moves down the pressure gradient
What helps exhalation
By the natural elasticity of the lung tissue
What is the pleural membranes
Surrounds a cavity around the lungs and allows pleurae to slide over each other when breathing
Describe what happens in the pleural cavity during inspiration
Oxygen in air reaches capillary surrounding alveoli
- trachea and bronchi and bronchioles
- down the pressure gradient
- down diffusion gradient
- across alveolar epithelium
- across capillary endothelium
What are the short term effect of exercise on breathing
- increase breathing rate
- increase in depth of breathing
- increase in oxygen consumption
- increase in carbon dioxide in expired air
Long term effect of regular exercise
- more alveoli development
- the diaphragm muscles size increases in size
- the number of capillaries in the lungs increase
Pulmonary ventilation word equation
Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate
