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Resp > Lung issues/diseases > Flashcards

Lung issues/diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nose

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2
Q

What is the name for a runny nose?

A

Rhinorrhea

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3
Q

How do you treat rhinitis?

A

Glucocorticoids (steroids) eg beclometasone, H1 receptor agonist eg Ioratidine (stop mast cells making histamine), LT1 receptor antagonist - Monteleukast, vasoconstrictors, sodium cromoglicate.

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4
Q

What are some names given to the common cold

A

Coryza, adenovirus, rhinovirus.

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5
Q

Whats the name for a sore throat

A

Pharyngitis

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6
Q

What is the defining characteristic of diptheria

A

A pseudomembrane

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7
Q

What are some non lung related reasons for a restriction in breathing?

A

Obesity, kyphoscoliosis, muscle weakness

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8
Q

What are interstitial lung diseases?

A

Lung diseases which effect the intersititium (tissue space in the alveoli) - potential fibrosis leading to reduced gas exchange

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9
Q

How would you diagnose an ILD?

A

History - occ, drugs, pets.
Reduced REV1 and FVC (normal ratio >75%)
Reduced gas diffusion (due to thickening of walls)

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10
Q

Why does ILD lead to reduced gas diffusion?

A

Thickening on the walls/intersitium leads to less oxygen coming into the body

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11
Q

What are symptoms of acute bronchitis?

A

Productive cough, fever + wheeze, normal CXR + exam

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12
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the large bronchi

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13
Q

What happens in an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

Upper airway infection, increased sputum production, purulence, wheeze breathlessness

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14
Q

What type of bacteria causes TB?

A

Mycobacteria (M tb is main pathogen)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A

Persistent cough, hameoptysis, pain, crackles, night sweats…

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16
Q

Why can TB reactivate?

A

Decreased T cell function, reinfection with more virulent

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17
Q

What investigations are there for TB?

A

Ziehl Neilsen stain + CXR

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18
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

2RIPE, 4RI

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19
Q

What does ripe stand for?

A

Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

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20
Q

What do carriers of TB get? `

A

6I or 3RI

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21
Q

Pneumonia is what?

A

Inflammation due to infection (usually)

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Malaise, anorexa, sweats, shakes, aches etc.

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23
Q

What score do you use to rank a pneumonia?

A

CURB 65

24
Q

What are the parameters for CURB 65?

A 
C - confusion
U - urea > 7
R  resp > 30
B - BP <90s, <61d
65 and up
25
Q

What organisms cause pneumonia?

A 
Strep pneumonia (most often) 
Fever, pleurisy, herpes labialis.

Haem influenza (5%) - in COPD patients

Staph aureus (4%) following the flu.

26
Q

What type of bacterial pneumonia do alcoholics get?

A

Kleibs

27
Q

What type of bacterial pneumonia is found in spain water tanks/stagnant water?

A

Legionella

28
Q

What is a lobar pneumonia?

A

Consolidation of a whole lung lobe

29
Q

Whats brocho pneumonia?

A

Infection in the bronchi/bronchioles

30
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

inflammation of bronchioles - cough, wheeze etc.. leads to grunting and resp distress

31
Q

What causes bronchiolitis?

A

RSV or metapneumovirus

32
Q

What are some forms of chronic pulmonary infection

A

Intrapulmonary abscess, empyema, bronchietasis

33
Q

What is an intrapulmonary abscess?

A

a pus filled cavity in the lungs

34
Q

What is empyema

A

Emp - P for pus in pleural space - CT looks like a banana

Acts like slow to resolve pneumonia

35
Q

What bacteria cause empyema?

A

Usually aerobic.

+ve - strep milleri, staph aureus

-ve - ecoli, haem influ, kleibs

36
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

irreversible dilation of bronchial tree. idiopathic but - can be caused by CF.

37
Q

Why is bronchiectasis bad?

A

Impaired sputum clearance leads to airflow obstruction

38
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

autosomal recessive - 1/25

Lose inhibition of Na channels - cells fill with NA and hence leads to dry airways as water sucked in to compensate

39
Q

What gene is responsible for CF?

A

Gene on chromosome 7.

Commonly cause of del508
or
G551D

40
Q

How can you help treat CF?

A

Ivacaftor

41
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivty - can effect everything

charactrised by non caseating granulomas

42
Q

How would you treat sarcoid?

A

Steroids and possibly immunosupression

43
Q

What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

A

Type 3 + 4 hypersen

Farmers lung, malt workers, mushroom workers, bird fanciers, etc..

44
Q

What can hypersensitivity pneumonitis lead to?

A

leads to pulmonary fibrosis over time.

45
Q

How would you treat hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Remove antigen, steroids.

46
Q

What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Scarring of the lungs, unknown cause.

progressive breathlessness.

Honeycombing in lungs

Treatment - antifibrotic drugs to slow progress. Lung transplant

47
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

Progressive fibrosis

48
Q

What are the 3 types of intersitial lung diseases

A

Sarcoidosis, hypersensitivy pneumonitis, pneumonconiosis

49
Q

What is silicosis?

A

type of pneumoconiosis due to exposure to quartz CXR shows egg shell calcification

50
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

scarring of the lungs progressively

Leads to mesothelioma - cancer of the mesothelium - death within 2 years.

51
Q

Where do DVTs form commonly? and how do they present?

A

in the leg, swollen red leg, hot and tender

Can do doppler ultrasound

52
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blood clot that has moved from its place of origin to the lungs.

53
Q

What can a PE cause?

A

Sudden death, haemoptysis, breathlessness, low BP, progressive dyspnoea, Right heart failure..

Resp alkolosis - breathe in a lot while one part only of lung isnt working..

54
Q

What are risk factors of a PE

A

Thrombophilia, the pill, pregnancy, obesity, immobility and surgery.

55
Q

What is the treatment for a PE?

A

Anticoagulation eg warfarin.

If life threatening then thrombolyis + IVC filter

56
Q

What pressure is defined as pulmonary hypertension

A

Normally- 12-22mm/Hg

Hypertension = 25mmHg

57
Q

Guillan Barre Syndrome

is what

A

Rapid muscle weakness, immune system damaging peripheral nervous system

begins in feet and hands

Resp (6 decks)

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