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Resp > All of resp bar anatomy > Flashcards

All of resp bar anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 pressures inside and outside of the lungs?

A

Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, intrapleural

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of resp?

A

internal and external

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3
Q

What is internal resp?

A

Cells using O2 to make energy

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4
Q

What is external resp?

A

The movement of O2 into the blood stream for exchange of O2 and CO2

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5
Q

What does the intra alveolar pressure do?

A

Drags air into the air sacks.

must be less than atmospheric

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6
Q

What is boyles law?

A

Gas flows from high to low pressure and balances it out.

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7
Q

How does the lung inflate?

A

Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness - 2 layers of pleura with water between them and negative intrapleural pressure (between lungs and ribs) - transmural gradient

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8
Q

What nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5.

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9
Q

What does external intercostal muscle do?

A

Lifts ribs (active process)

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10
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes as do intercostal muscles

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11
Q

What is elastic tissue recoil?

A

When the lungs recoil back to their original position.

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12
Q

What keeps alveoli inflated?

A

Surfactant - against alveolar surface tension - water surface tension in alveoli.
Alveolar interdependance - connected alveoli pull each other open.

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13
Q

What is resp distress syndrome?

A

When fetal lungs dont develop enough before theyre born.

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14
Q

What is a pneumothorax?**

A

When air is in the pleural space. - Can be traumatic, spontaneous or iatrogenic.
Leads to hyperresonant note.

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15
Q

What are accessory muscles in breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenus- forced inspiration.

Pectoral

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in active expiration

A

Abdominal muscles, internal intercoastal muscles.

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17
Q

What machine is lung volume measured with?

A

Spirometer - Measures all but RV

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18
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity - fully breathe in.

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19
Q

What would a restrictive lung disease do to FVC?

A

Lowers FVC

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20
Q

What is the formula for air flow in the lungs?

A

Deltapressure/resistance

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21
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation of the lungs cause?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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22
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation of the lungs cause?

A

Bronchodilation

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23
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

The measure of the lung’s ability to stretch

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24
Q

What is emphysema?**

A

When theres increased compliance in the lungs - get air in lungs easily but cant get it out - shortness of breath as keep breathing in old air. - Due to alveoli being damaged.

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25
Q

Give an example of a disease which decreases pulmonary compliance

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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26
Q

What % of your energy is used for breathing?

A

3%

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27
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Space in the lungs where no gas exchange happens

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28
Q

What is the structure of Hb?

A

4 heme, alpha and beta chains

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29
Q

What is the oxygen delivery index?

A

DO2I = CaO2 * CI(Cardiac index)

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30
Q

What is the formula to find the oxygen content of arterial blood

A

CaO2 =1.34[Hb]SaO2

SaO2 = %sat Hb

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31
Q

Whats the difference between foetal and adult Hb?

A

Foetal has 2 alpha 2 gamma subunits.

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32
Q

What does a fetus need 2 gamma sub units?

A

It interacts less with 2,3biphosphohglycerate in RBCs - hence higher affin for O2. Hence baby takes O2 from mum

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33
Q

How many heme molecules does myoglobin have?

A

1 - myo. Rapidly saturated.

34
Q

What causes myoglobin formation

A

Muscle damage

35
Q

What regulates asthma?

A

Balanced interaction between para and non sympathetic nervous systems

36
Q

What does the sympathetic part of the nervous system do to asthma

A

Activates in response to stimulus eg exercise

37
Q

What does the parasym part of the nervous system do to asthma?

A

Sets stuff to baseline

-Contracts smooth muscle in lungs using cholinergic receptors

38
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system relax muscles?

A

Uses adrenaline from adrenal gland - opens airways up by binding to B2 adrenoreceptors. - also activate cilia to push mucous around.

39
Q

Explain parasympathetic contraction idk if needed

A

Hormone binds to G proteins, Triggers GQ11.

Channels in sarcoplasmic retriculum open and Ca flows in. Ca leads to cell contraction.

40
Q

Taking xrays - What is a PA image?

A

Posterior to anterior - back to front. - stand against wall

take shot from the back

41
Q

What is an AP xray?

A

Taking a shot from the front to the back.

42
Q

What is ACOS in relation to asthma?

A

ACOS - asthma and COPD overlap.

43
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A

2 layers of cell with 1 single basement membrane

44
Q

What _ phil is COPD mainly caused by?

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

What _phil is asthma mainly caused by?

A

eosinophils

46
Q

What happens in COPD?

A

Any obstructive lung disease brought on by smoking - emphysema, asthma and bronchitis

47
Q

Facts about COPD

A

Productive cough, chronic, late onset due to smoking, Reduced FVC and TLCO

48
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood?

A

10% in solution, 60% bicarbonate, 30% carbamino

49
Q

How is carbonic acid formed?

A

CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3

50
Q

What enzyme cataslyses the formation of Carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

51
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

Removal of O2 from Hb leads to increased ability of Hb to pick up CO2

52
Q

What drugs are used in the treatment of asthma - B2 agonists

A

Salbutamol, Albuterol, Terbutaline. (LABAs - Salmeterol, formoterol - 8 hours)

53
Q

What must LABAs be administered with?

A

Glucocorticoid.

54
Q

Name the drugs which are CysLT1 receptor antagonists

A

Montelukast, zafirlukast

55
Q

What are xanthines?

A

Bronchodilators/anti inflammatory drugs - theophylline, aminophylline

56
Q

What are corticosteroids and how do they work?

A

Eg glucocorticoids - eg hydrocortisone —- stop your body pumping out inflammatory chemicals.

57
Q

what is haemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

58
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blueing of skin - peripheral = fingers turn bluey,

central = mouth area blue

59
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blueing of skin - peripheral = fingers turn bluey,

central = mouth area blue

60
Q

What is stridor?

A

The weird creepy wheeze on breathing in.

- caused by narrowing of the airways

61
Q

What are the steps of a full resp exam?

A

Introduce yourself - step back and look at the patient. Check fingers for clubbing, temp of hands, check for tremors in the hands.

Ask the patient to breathe in and out as you place your stethoscope on them and check numerous places on the chest.

Do the tap thing on their chest numerous times.

Grab their chest, having thumbs next to each other and ask to breathe in - checking for even breathing

Same on back

62
Q

What is a pleural effusion?**

A

When the lungs are compressed by a fluid. - fluid build up in pleura

63
Q

What is an insidious disease?**

A

Something that develops over a long period of time.

64
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Having trouble eating

65
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

Stones, bones, groans, thrones(polyuria), psychiatric overtones.

66
Q

How do you treat hypercalcemia?

A

Give fluid, or bisphosphonate - drug which lowers Ca conc.

67
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone does what?

A

Leads to low sodium concentration - stops you peeing.

68
Q

Myoclonus is what?

A

Muscle jerks or “sleep starts”

69
Q

ICE stands for what?

A

Ideas, concerns, expectations

70
Q

What does PET stand for? in pet scan

A

Positron emission tomography - see what uses glucose - peed out.

71
Q

What is an endobroncial ultrasound?

A

Bronchoscope with ultrasound tip. Can shove a needle in to get tumor which cant be seen in the bronchus

72
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Build up of fluid in the lungs

73
Q

What is the difference between transudative and exudative pleural effusion?

A

Transudative - due to high blood pressure when protein is less than 30g/l. Exudative - cancer, infection eg tb. when protein greater than 30g/l

74
Q

What is empyema?

A

build up of pus in the pleural cavity.

75
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura?

A

Visceral (touching the lungs) and parietal - touching the ribs

76
Q

Pleural fluid appearance

A 
Straw coloured - heart failure.
Bloody- trauma, cancer, infection..
Milky - empyema 
Foul smelling - anaerobic empyema
Food - oesophageal rupture
77
Q

pH of pleura landmarks

A

norm = 7.6, <7.3 = pleural inflammation, <7.2 need drainage

78
Q

What is mesothelioma

A

cancer of the lining of organs

79
Q

How is mesothelioma caused?

A

mainly asbestos

80
Q

What is the worst type of asbestos?

A

crocidolite

81
Q

how big must a rim of air be for a drain

A

> 2cm

Resp (6 decks)

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