Lung immunology

Question 1

What is allergic rhinitis?

Answer 1

Hay fever-upper aiway issue

Question 2

What are the 2 types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 2

Immunological (allergy)-IgE mediated or non IgE mediated
Non immunological (intolerance, enzyme deficiency, drug related)

Question 3

What is allergy?

Answer 3

Exgagerated immunological response to a forgein ag which is inhaled ect
Allergy is a MECHANISM-not a disease-and plays role in disease sometimes
Response is FAST, but also get a slow response

Question 4

What cells are part of the early allergic response? And Late?

Answer 4

Mast cells for early, eosinophils for late

Question 5

Recall the role of Th1 and Th2 cells in immunology

Answer 5

Th1 are mainly for virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa-small. Helped with CTL, IgM, IgA, IgG
Th2 for large parasites (helminths, ectoparasites (ticks))-mainly IgE, mast, esopino. It’s the main one in allergy

Question 6

What is the pathophysiology of seasonal allergic rhinitis sensitisation?

Answer 6

Need a sensitivation and then reaction
First, your epithelim is already damaged/open-get entry of antigen
Dendritic cells, using ICL2 (like leukocytes)-prime T cells to Th2 or TfH to then prime B cells (to plasma cells) for next exposure of antigen
At the next exposure, all these will act
Have lot of Il4, 5 and eosinophils in allergy

Question 7

What is atopic/atopy?

Answer 7

Atopy is hereditary predisposition to produce IgE against common environment allergen-can be sensitised but not exibit symptoms. Rhinitis, asthma and atopic eczema are all exemples

Question 8

Explain the allergic march

Answer 8

Term describing the common progession of atopic diseas-food is much faster-stuff like rhinitis need ¾ season to be exposed

Question 9

Explain the heterogeneity of allergic asthma

Answer 9

Many things can cause asthma-its when they get to lower airways from mouth (that’s rhinitis)
Severity is very diferent between people
Base a lot on endotype and endophenotype, because not always the same response

Question 10

Explain the changes in bronchi in allergic ashthma

Answer 10

Secretion of mucus, smc constriction, infiltration of easonophils

Question 11

What is extrinsic allergic alveolitis

Answer 11

When antigen arrives at the lower airwats (alveoli)-rare

Question 12

What drives extrinsic allergic alveolitis

Answer 12

Very small particules that are found by AB in pulmonary cappilarries, usually with macrophages, neutrophils, and more
eg: farmers lung

Question 13

What are the 3 main category of allergy treatment?

Answer 13

Allergen avoidance, anti-allergic medication (histamine, corticosteroid) AG specific immunotherapy-need 3/5 years