Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomical Pathology > Lung Disease Of Vascular Origin > Flashcards

Lung Disease Of Vascular Origin Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Dual blood supply: bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulable states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thrombus

Abnormalities to blood flow common cause

A

Ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thrombus

Abnormalities to blood flow causes of stasis

A

Aneurysms, myocardial infarcts, mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation, sickle cell disease (luminal obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thrombus

Abnormalities of the blood vessel wall/ endothelial injury causes

A

Ulcerated atheromatous plaques, traumatic injury, inflammator vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thrombus
( abnormalities of blood constituents/ hypercoagulability)
Genetic(primary) hypercoagulable state

A

Protein c deficiency, protein s deficiency, anti-thrimbin 3 deficiency, mutations in factor 5 gene, prothrombin gene mutations, increased level of factors 8,9!11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thrombus
( abnormalities of blood constituents/ hypercoagulability)
Acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable state

A 
Prolonged bed rest/ immobilization, Myocardial infarction, Cancer, Anti-phospholipid
antibody syndrome, Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), Heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia, Prosthetic valves, Hyperoestrogenic states, Combined oral
contraceptive use (COC), Smoking (increased lipids), Nephrotic syndrome,
Hyperoestrogenic states (pregnancy and postpartum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of emboli

A
  1. Thrombo-embolism
  2. Amniotic fluid emboli
  3. Body tissue emboli
  4. Fat and bone marrow emboli
  5. Air emboli
  6. Tumour emboli
  7. Foreign body emboli
  8. Parasitic emboli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

thromb0-embolism/pulmonary embolus (site of formation, size and location and dertemine clinical presentation

A

site of formation:Leg veins: 95%
Pelvic veins
Intracranial venous sinuses

Saddle embolus – sudden death
One main pulmonary artery occlusion – sudden death
Occlusion of lobar or segmental artery – +/- distal lung infarction
Multiple small emboli – pulmonary arterial hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

amniotic fluid emboli associated with

A

labour or caesarean section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amniotic fluid emboli presentation

A
  1. Sudden severe dyspneoa
  2. Cyanosis
  3. Shock – diffuse alveolar damage
  4. Neurologic impairment
    a. Headache
    b. Seizures
    c. Coma
  5. DIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

amniotic fluid emboli histologic findings

A
  1. Squamous epithelial cells
  2. Lanugo hair
  3. Fat
  4. Meconium
  5. Mucin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amniotic fluid emboli complications

A
  1. Diffuse alveolar damage – hyaline membranes

2. Fibrin thrombi in vascular beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

body tissue emboli

A

Associated with trauma or lacerations of the brain and liver

Severe hepatic necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fat and bone marrow emboli risk factors

A

a. Trauma
a. Fractures
b. Vigorous cardiopulmonary resuscitation
c. Bone marrow infarction due to sickle-cell disease or steroid therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fat and bone marrow emboli syndrome

A
  1. Pulmonary insufficiency
  2. Neurologic symptoms
  3. Anaemia
  4. Thrombocytopenia
17
Q

fat and bone marrow emboli microscopic findings

A
  1. Fat globules
  2. Marrow elements
  3. Haematopoietic elements
  4. Fat stains – oil red O and Sudan black
  5. Frozen sectio
18
Q

parasitic embolism

A

Various parasites migrate through the lungs

  1. Dirofilaria immitis
  2. Filarial parasites (e.g. Wuchereria)
  3. Strongyloides
  4. Ascaris
  5. Schistosoma
19
Q

tumour embolism

A

Embolic carcinomatosis

Mechanism for tumour metastasi

20
Q

foreign body emboli iv entry of which fregments

A
  1. Cotton
  2. Talc
  3. Plastic catheters and tubing
21
Q

foreign body emboli microscopy

A
  1. Foreign material
  2. Foreign body giant cell reaction
  3. Vessel wall destruction
22
Q

air embolism risk factors

A
  1. Surgery
    a. Coronary bypass
    b. Laparoscopic surgery
  2. Trauma with laceration of veins
  3. Intravenous injection
  4. Ventilation therapy
  5. Therapeutic insufflation of fallopian tubes
  6. Hyperbaric decompression
23
Q

air embolism obstruction to blood flow

A

pulmonary oedema and death

24
Q

Infarction uncommon

A

Pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease

o Low flow state

25
Q

Pulmonary artery occlusions

A

 Haemorrhagic,
 Wedge shaped,
 Pleural based infarct

26
Q

Vasculitis infarcts

A

Round

 Thrombosed blood vessel centrally located

27
Q

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

A

Mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than or

equal to 25mmHg at rest

28
Q

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

Examples:
 Autoimmune diseases
-Systemic sclerosis involving pulmonary vasculature and/ or interstitium
 Idiopathic/primary pulmonary arterial hypertension
-Mutations in BMPR2 locus result in pulmonary vascular thickening and occlusion

29
Q

Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left-heart failur

A

Example:
 Antecedent congenital or acquired heart disease
-Mitral stenosis causes an increase in left atrial pressure that is eventually transmitted to
the arterial side of the pulmonary vasculature

30
Q

Pulmonary hypertension stemming from lung parenchymal disease or hypoxaemia

A

Examples:
• Chronic obstructive or interstitial lung diseases
-Mechanism: disease results in obliteration of alveolar capillaries thus increasing pulmonary
resistance to blood flow
• Obstructive sleep apnea
-Obesity and hypoxaemia

31
Q

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

A

Example:
• Recurrent thromboemboli
-Mechanism: reduces functional area of pulmonary vascular bed

32
Q

Morphology of pulmonary hypertension

All forms associated with:

A

Medial hypertrophy of muscular and elastic arteries
• Pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis
• Right ventricular hypertrophy

33
Q

DIFFUSE PULMONARY HAEMORRHAGE SYNDROMES

A

Goodpasture syndrome
• Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
• Polyangiitis with granulomatosis

34
Q

Goodpasture syndrome

A

Uncommon
• Seen predominantly in teens or 20s and active smokers
• Autoimmune disease involving the kidney and lung
• Caused by circulating antibodies against collagen IV
• Trigger that initiates the production of antibodies is still unknown
• Antibodies initiate inflammatory destruction to basement membranes in the renal glomeruli
and pulmonary alveoli

35
Q

Goodpasture syndrome clinical

A

Respiratory: haemoptysis, focal pulmonary consolidation
• Common cause of death is uraemia
• Treatment: immunosuppression

36
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis

A 
Rare
• Pathogenesis is unknown
• Commonly seen in young children
• Adult cases have been reported
• Presentation: productive cough, haemoptysis, anaemia associated with diffuse pulmonary
infiltration
37
Q

Polyangiitis with granulomatosi

A

Previously Wegener granulomatosis
• Autoimmune involving upper respiratory tract and/ or lungs
• Presentation: haemoptysis

Anatomical Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions