Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 3 - Respiratory System > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cancer in males?

A

Lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the lung cancer mortality rate for males?

A

Around 100 per 100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is happening to the incidence of lung cancer in males?

A

It is slowly falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is the incidence rate of lung cancer in males falling?

A

Due to reduction in smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes more deaths in women, lung or breast cancer?

A

Lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the lung cancer mortality rate in females?

A

Around 40 per 100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is happening to the incidence of lung cancer in females?

A

It is steadily rising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much does lung cancer incidence vary between socio-economic groups?

A

Wide variation- rate three times higher in lowest compared with highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is lung cancer overwhelmingly related to?

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the risk of lung cancer proportional to?

Regarding smoking

A
  • The duration of the habit
  • The number of cigarettes smoked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What % of lung cancers are caused by smoking?

A
  • 90% in men
  • 80% in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apart from smoking, what are the aetiological factors for lung cancer?

A
  • Asbestos exposure
  • Radon exposure
  • Genetic factors
  • Dietary factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the problem with the signs and symptoms of lung cancer?

A

They are relatively non-specific, and overlap with those of many respiratory diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When do many lung cancer patients first come to medical attention?

A

When they have advanced disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a primary lung tumour?

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea
  • Wheezing
  • Haemoptysis
  • Chest pain
  • Post-obstructive pneumonia
  • Weight loss
  • Lethargy / malaise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of regional metastases of lung cancer?

A
  • Superior vena cava obstruction
  • Hoarseness
  • Dyspnoea
  • Dysphagia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What courses hoarseness in regional metastases of lung cancer?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes dyspnoea in regional metastases of lung cancer?

A

Phrenic nerve palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of distant metastases of lung cancer?

A
  • Bone pain / fractures
  • CNS symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the CNS symptoms of distant metastases of lung cancer?

A
  • Headache
  • Double vision
  • Confusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

The presence of symptoms or disease due to the presence of cancer in the body, but not due to the local presence of cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes mediated by?

A

Humoral factors secreted by tumour cells, or the immune response against tumour cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What humoral factors can cause paraneoplastic syndrome?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A
  • Endocrine
  • Neurological
  • Skeletal
  • Haematological
  • Other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give two examples of endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Cushing’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give two examples of neurological paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Encephalopathy
  • Peripheral neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give an example of a skeletal paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Finger clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give 3 examples of haematological paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Anaemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give 3 examples of other paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Anorexia
  • Cachexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the importance of imaging investigations of various types in lung cancer?

A

They are central to both diagnosis and assessment of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the purpose of staging?

A

It is one of the most important determinants of treatment and prognosis

32
Q

What imaging techniques are imployed at the first clinical suspicion of lung cancer?

A

Plain chest x-ray

33
Q

What imaging techniques are employed for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer?

A
  • CT scan
  • PET scan
  • Isotope bone scan
34
Q

What are the staging systems for lung cancer?

A
  • Number
  • TMN
35
Q

What is the number staging system for lung cancer?

A
  • Stage 1 - Small cancer, localised to one area of the lung
  • Stage 2 & 3 - Larger cancer, may have grown into surrounding tissue (lymph nodes)
  • Stage 4 - Cancer has metastasised
36
Q

What does the T represent in the TNM staging system?

A

Size and position of tumour

37
Q

What does the N represent in the TNM staging system?

A

Lymph node involvement

38
Q

What does the M represent in the TNM staging system for cancer?

A

Metastases

39
Q

What are the potential T stages?

A

T1-4

40
Q

What does T1 mean with lung cancer?

A

Cancer contained within the lung, and is <3cm diameter

41
Q

What does T2 mean with lung cancer?

A

Cancer has grown to 3-7cm diameter, either;

  • Into the main bronchus, <2cm from the carina
  • Into the visceral pleura
  • Made part of the lung collapse
42
Q

What does T3 mean with lung cancer?

A

Cancer has grown to >7 cm in diameter, and;

  • Cancer invading chest wal, mediastinal pleura, diaphragm, pericardium
  • Complete lung collapse
  • > 1 cancer nodule in same lobe of lung
43
Q

What does T4 mean with lung cancer?

A
  • Cancer invading mediastinum, heart, major blood vessel, trachea, carina, oesophagus, spine, recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Cancer nodules in more than one lobe of same lung
44
Q

What are the potential N stages?

A

N0-3

45
Q

What does N0 mean in lung cancer?

A

No cancer in lymph nodes

46
Q

What does N1 mean in lung cancer?

A

Cancer in lymph nodes nearest the affected lung

47
Q

What does N2 mean in lung cancer?

A

Cancer in lymph nodes in mediastium, on same side

48
Q

What does N3 mean in lung cancer?

A

Cancer in lymph nodes on the opposite sides of the mediastinum / supraclavicular lymph nodes

49
Q

What are the potential M stages?

A

M0 or M1

50
Q

What does M0 mean in lung cancer?

A

No evidence of distal cancer spread

51
Q

What does M1 mean in lung cancer?

A

Lung cancer cells in distant parts of body, such as pleura, opposite lung, liver, bones etc

52
Q

How is lung tissue for diagnostic purposes usually obtained?

A
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Needly biopsy
  • Surgical biopsy
53
Q

Why is making a histological diagnosis important?

A
  • To confirm the patient has lung cancer
  • Decide the cell type
54
Q

Why is it important to decide the cell type in lung cancer?

A

Important in terms of both prognosis and treatment

55
Q

What is the division of lung cancer into groups based on?

A

The presence or absence of cells

56
Q

What are the groups of lung cancers?

A
  • Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  • Small Cell Lung Cancer
57
Q

What proportion of non-small cell lung cancer patients have inoperable disease at presentation?

A

More than 2/3

58
Q

What proportion of small cell lung cancer patients have metastatic disease on presentation?

A

3/4

59
Q

What does lung cancer prognosis depend on?

A
  • Cell type
  • Stage of disease
  • Performance status
  • Biochemical markers
  • Co-morbidities
60
Q

What type of lung cancer has the worse prognosis?

A

Small cell

61
Q

Give two examples of co-morbidities that could worsen the prognosis of lung cancer

A
  • Cardiac disease
  • Chronic respiratory disease
62
Q

What treatments are available for lung cancer?

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiotherpay
  • Chemotherapy
  • Combination therpay
  • Biological targeted therapies
  • Palliative care
63
Q

When is surgery mostly used in lung cancer?

A

Non-small cell

64
Q

What % of non-small cell lung cancers are operable?

A

<20%

65
Q

What are the categories of radiotherapy in lung cancer?

A
  • Radical
  • Palliative
66
Q

What is the purpose of radical chemotherapy in lung cancer?

A

Curative

67
Q

What is the purpose of palliative chemotherapy in lung cancer?

A

Symptom control

68
Q

What is the purpose of chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer?

A

Potentially curative (although this is in a minority of cases)

69
Q

What is the purpose of chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Symptom control, as only conveys a modest survival increase

70
Q

What is combination therapy?

A

A combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy

71
Q

Give two examples of biological targeted therapies used against lung cancer?

A
  • EGFR
  • VEGF
72
Q

What does management of non-small cell lung cancer usually involve?

A

Multiple modality therapy;

  • Palliative radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Combination therapy
  • Targeted agents
73
Q

What is the response rate to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer?

A

50-60%

74
Q

When is combination therapy important in non-small cell lung cancer?

A

In locally advanced disease

75
Q

What is the problem with small cell cancer?

A

It is rarely operable

76
Q

What does management of small cell cancer involve?

A
  • Combination therapy
  • Palliative chemotherapy
77
Q

How effective is combination therapy against small cell cancer?

A

Responds well, adding ~1 year

ESA 3 - Respiratory System (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions