Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 3 - Respiratory System > Introduction and Histology of Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Introduction and Histology of Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system work to do?

A

Ensure that all tissues receive the oxygen that they need, and can dispose of the CO2 they produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does blood do?

In relation to gas exchange

A

Carries gases to and from tissues, where the lungs exchange them with the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Kinetic Theory of Gases?

A

Gases are a collection of molecules moving around a space, generating pressure by colliding with the walls of the space. As collisions become more frequent, and harder, the pressure goes up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

If a given amount of gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the molecules will hit the wall more often, therefore pressure will rise.

If temperature is constant, pressure is inversely proportional to volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

The kinetic energy of molecules increases with temperature. As temperature increases, the molecules hit the walls more often, so pressure increases.

Pressure is proportional to absoloute temperature (scale starts at absoloute zero)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Universal Gas Law?

A

Pressure x Volume = Gas constant x Temperature (oK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the Universal Gas Law allow?

A

The calculation of how volume will change as pressure and temperature changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is meant by partial pressure?

A

In a mixture of gases, molecules of each type behave independently, so each gas exerts its own pressure, which is a portion of the total pressure- a partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is partial pressure calculated as?

A

The same fraction of the total pressure as the volume fraction of the gas in the mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by vapour pressure?

A

In biological systems, gas mixtures are always in contact with water, so gas molecules dissolve, and water molecules evaporate, and then exert their own partial pressure- this is known as vapour pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by saturated vapour pressure?

A

When the rate of molecules entering and leaving water at the same time is equal, this is the saturated volume pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much water vapour is in gases when they enter our body?

In terms of saturation

A

They are completely saturated with water vapour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are gases entering our body completely saturated with water vapour?

A

So they don’t dry out our lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does gas tension in liquids indicate?

A

How readily a gas will leave the liquid, not (at least directly) how much gas is in the liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tension equal to at equilibrium?

A

Partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How quickly is tension equilibrium reaching in the body?

A

Very quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the amount of gas that enters a liquid to establish a particular tension determined by?

A

Solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is content of gas in a liquid calculated?

A

Content = solubility x tension

i.e. how easily a gas will dissolve x how readily it will leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must happen if the gas reacts with a component of the liquid?

With regards to tension and content

A

The reaction must be complete before tension, and therefore content can be established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is total content equal to?

A

Total content = Reacted gas + Dissolved gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is meant by tidal volume?

A

The lung volume that represents the amount of air that is displaced between normal inspiration an expiration, when extra effort is not required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating-

  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
  • Vital capacity
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Tidal volume
  • Funtional residual capacity
  • Total lung capacity
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is meant by respiratory rate/pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths taken in a set time, usually 60 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two circulations of the lungs?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Bronchial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the bronchial circulation part of?
The systemic circulation
26
What is the purpose of the bronchial circulation?
It meets the metabolic requirements of the lungs
27
What is the pulmonary circulation?
The blood supply to the alveoli
28
What is the pulmonary circulation required for?
Gas exchange
29
What must the pulmonary circulation accept?
The entire cardiac output
30
At what resistance does the pulmonary circulation work?
Low
31
What allows the pulmonary circulation to work at low resistance?
* Short, wide vessels * Lots of capillaries connected in parallel * Arterioles with relatively little smooth muscle
32
What does the low resistance of the pulmonary circulation lead to?
The circulation operating under low pressure
33
What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery?
12-15mmHg
34
What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary capillaries?
9-12mmHg
35
What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary veins?
5mmHg
36
What must happen for efficient oxygenation? ## Footnote *With respect to ventilation*
Ventilation of the alveoli need to be matched with perfusion
37
What is the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?
0.8
38
What is required to maintain the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?
Diverting blood from alveoli that are less well perfused
39
How is diversion of blood from less well perfused alveoli achieved?
Hypoxic pulmonary vasconstriction
40
How does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction achieve ventilation-perfusion matching?
Alveolar hypoxia results in vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels, and the increased resistance means less flow to the poorly ventilated areas and greater flow to well ventilated areas
41
What can chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction lead to?
Right ventricular failure
42
Why can chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction lead to right ventricular failure?
The chronic increase in vascular resistance puts a high afterload on the right ventricle, leading to its failure
43
What is meant by the upper respiratory tract?
The parts of the respiratory tract lying outside the thorax
44
What components does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
* Nasal cavity * Pharynx * Larynx
45
What is meant by the lower respiratory tract?
Parts of the respiratory system lying inside the thorax
46
What components does the lower respiratory tract contain?
* Trachea * Main/primary bronchi * Lobar bronchi * Segmental bronchi * Sub-segmental bronchi * Bronchioles * Termainal bronchioles * Respiratory bronchioles * Alveolar ducts * Alveoli
47
How many lobar bronchi are there?
* Three on right * Two on left
48
What do bronchi have in their walls?
Cartilage
49
How do bronchioles walls differ from those of bronchi?
* No cartilage * More smooth muscle
50
Label this diagram
* A - Nasal cavity * B - Pharynx * C - Larynx * D - Trachea * E - Primary bronchi * F - Lungs
51
What are the lungs a means of doing?
Getting air to one side, and blood to the other, of a very thin membrane, with a large surface area
52
What structural features do the trachea and bronchi have?
Cartilaginous rings
53
Why do the trachea and bronchi have cartilaginous rings?
In order to hold them open and provide a path for air to travel to the alveoli
54
How do bronchioles draw air into the lungs?
By increasing their volume
55
How do bronchioles increase their volume?
Using the smooth muscle in their walls
56
What cells do alveoli have?
* Type I * Type II
57
What type of cells are type I alveolar cells?
Simple squamous epithelia
58
What is the purpoes of type I alveolar cells?
Provide single cell thickness membrane for diffusion
59
What is the purpose of type II alveolar cells?
Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension of alveoli
60
Where is the nose found?
Superior to the hard palate
61
What is the nose comprised of?
The external nose and nasasl cavity
62
What is the nasal cavity divided into?
Right and left cavities
63
What divides the left and right cavities of the nasal cavity?
The nasal septum
64
What are the functions of the nose?
* Smelling * Respiration * Filtration of dust * Humidification of inspired air * Reception and elimination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
65
What happens to air passing over the respiratory area of the nose?
It is warmed and moistened before it passes through the rest of the upper respiratory tract to the lungs
66
What contains the peripheral organ of smell?
The olfactory area
67
What are the nasal conchae?
Scroll-like structures
68
What are the nasal conchae also known as?
Terbinates
69
What are names of the nasal conchae?
* Superior * Middle * Inferior
70
How do the nasal conchae sit?
They curve inferiormedially, hanging like short curtains from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
71
What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?
They offer a vast surface area for heat exchange
72
Which concha is longest and broadest?
The inferior
73
What is the inferior concha formed by?
An independent bone *(the inferior concha)*
74
What are the middle and superior conchae formed from?
The medial processes of the Ethmoid bone
75
What underlies each of the terbinates?
A recess or nasal meatus
76
What is the effect of the nasal meatus?
It divides the nasal cavity into 5 passages
77
Where does the sphenoethmoidal recess lie?
Superoposteiror to the superior conca
78
What does the sphenoethmoidal recess receive?
The opening of the sphenoidal sinus
79
Label this diagram
* A - Ethmoidal crest of maxilla * B - Atrium * C - Lumen * D - Nasal vestible * E - Vibrissae *(nasal hairs)* * F - Spheno-ethmoidal recess * G - Superior nasal meatus * H - Middle nasal meatus * I - Inferior nasal meatus * J - Nasopharynx
80
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones
81
What are the sinuses named according to?
The bones in which they are located
82
What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?
* Frontal * Ethmoid * Sphenoid * Maxilla
83
Where are the right and left frontal sinuses located?
Between the outer and inner tables of frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and the root of the nose
84
When are the frontal sinuses usally detectable?
In children by 7 years of age
85
How do the frontal sinuses drain?
Each drain through a frontonasal duct
86
Where do the frontal sinuses drain into?
The ethmoidal infundibulum
87
What does the ethmoidal infundibulum open into?
The semilunar hiatus of the middle nasal recess
88
What are the ethmoidal cells (sinuses)?
Small invaginations of the mucuous membrane of the middle and superior nasal recesses into the Ethmoid bone
89
When are the ethmoidal cells visible in plain radiographs?
After 2 years of age
90
Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells drain?
Directly or indirectly into the middle nasal recess through the ethmoidal infundibulum
91
Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open?
Directly into the middle nasal recess
92
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open?
Directly into the superior nasal recess
93
Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?
In the body of the sphenoid, may extend into the wings of the bone
94
Why may the sphenoidal sinuses be susceptible to injury?
The body of the sphenoid is fragile, and only thin plates of bone seperate the sinuses from several important structures
95
What structures are sepearated fron the sphenoidal sinuses by thin plates of bone?
* Optic nerves and chiasm * Pituitary gland * Internal carotid arteries
96
Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?
Directly into the sphenoethmoidal recess
97
What are the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary sinuses
98
What do the maxillary sinuses occupy?
The bodies of the maxillae
99
How do the maxillary sinuses drain?
By one or more openings, the maxillary ostium *(ostia)*, into the middle nasal recess by way of the semilunar hiatus
100
Label this diagram
* A - Supra-orbital nerve * B - Frontal sinus * C - Crista galli * D - Superior oblique * E - Medial rectus * F - Ethmoidal infundibulum * G - Ethmoidal air cells * H - Air cell in middle concha * I - Semilunar hiatus * J - Middle meatus * K - Opening of maxillary sinus * L - Inferior minus * M - Inferior concha * N - Nasal septum * O - Hard palate * P - Oral cavity * Q - Maxillary sinus * R - Infra-orbital vessels and nerve * S - Inferior rectus * T - Inferior oblique * U - Lateral rectus * V - Eyeball * W - Check ligament * X - Lacrimal gland * Y - Superior rectus * Z - Levator palpebrae superioris
101
Label this diagram
* A - Frontal * B & C - Ethmoidal * D - Maxillary * E - Sphenoidal
102
What is the pharynx?
The superior, expanded part of the alimentary system
103
Where is the pharynx located?
Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, and extending inferiorly past the larynx
104
Where does the pharynx extend?
From the cranial base to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly
105
How wide is the pharynx at its widest point?
~5cm
106
Where is the pharynx at its widest?
Opposite the hyoid
107
How wide is the pharynx at its narrowest point?
~1.5cm
108
Where is the pharynx at its narrowest?
At its inferior end, where it is continuous with the oesophagus
109
What is the pharynx divided into?
* The nasopharynx * The oropharynx * The laryngopharnx
110
Where is the nasopharynx found?
Posterior to the nose and superior to the soft palate
111
What kind of function does the nasopharynx have?
Respiratory
112
Why does the nasopharynx have a respiratory function?
As it is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities
113
What is formed around the superior part of the pharynx?
A tonsillar ring
114
What forms the tonsillar ring?
Lymphoid tissue
115
What does the tonsillar ring aggregate to form?
Tonsils
116
Where is the oropharynx found?
Posterior to the mouth
117
Where does the oropharynx extend?
From the soft plate to the superior border of the epiglottis
118
What kind of function does the oropharynx have?
Digestive
119
What is the oropharynx involved in?
Swallowing
120
Where is the laryngopharynx found?
Posterior to the larynx
121
Where does the laryngopharynx end from?
The superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
122
What happens to the laryngopharynx at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
It becomes continuous with the oesophagus
123
Label this diagram
* A - Nasopharynx * B - Oropharynx * C - Hypopharynx * D - Oesphagus * E - Sinus * F - Nasal cavity * G - Salivary glands * H - Oral cavity * I - Trachea
124
Label this diagram
* A - Chona *(posterior nasal aperture)* * B - Posterior lip of mouth of pharyngotympanic tube * C - Pharyngeal recesses * D - Salpingopharyngeal fold * E - Terminal sulcus of tounge * F - Pharyngo-epiglottic fold * G - Aryepiglottic fold * H - Piriform fossa *(recess)* * I - Thyroid gland * J - Esophagus * K - Pharyngo-esophageal junction *(narrowest part of oesophagus)* * L - Mucuous membrane covering cricoid cartilage * M - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor *(cut)* * N - Interarytenoid notch * O - Laryngeal inlet *(aditus)* * P - Epiglottis * Q - Middle pharyngeal constrictior *(cut)* * R - Posterior 1/3 of tounge * S - Foramen cecum * T - Superior pharyngeal constrictor *(cut)* * U - Uvula * V - Soft palate * W - Nasal septum * X - Cranial base * Y - Body of sphenoid and basilar part of occipital bone * I - Nasopharynx * II - Oropharynx * III - Laryngopharynx
125
What does the larynx connect?
The inferior oropharynx to the trachea
126
What does the larynx contain?
The complex organ of voice production - **the voice box**
127
Where does the larynx extend?
From the laryngeal inlet, *through which it communicates with the laryngopharynx,* to the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
128
What is the laryngeal cavity continuous with at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
The trachea
129
What is the larynx's most vital function?
To guard the air passages, *especially during swallowing*
130
What does the larynx serve as during swallowing?
The sphincter/valve of the lower respiratory tract, *thus maintaining airway*
131
What does the voice box do?
Controls sound production
132
What is the voice box composed of?
Nine cartilages, connected by membranes and ligaments containing the vocal folds
133
Label this diagram
* A - Epiglottis * B - Aryepiglottic fold * C - Laryngeal vestibule * D - Vestibular fold * E - Thyroid cartilage * F - Saccule * G - Laryngeal ventricle * H - Middle part of laryngeal cavity * I - Vocal ligaments *(opposed)* * J - Conus elasticus * K - Infraglottic cavity * L - Cricoid cartilage * M - Trachea
134
What is the tympanic cavity?
The cavity of the middle ear- the narrow air-filled champer in the petrous part of the temporal bone
135
What is the tympanic cavity connected with?
* Nasopharynx * Mastoid cells
136
In what direction is the nasopharynx connected with the tympanic cavity?
Anteromedially
137
How is the nasopharynx connected to the tympanic cavity?
Via the pharyngotympanic *(Eustachain)* tube
138
In what direction is the tympanic cavity connected to the mastoid cells?
Posterosuperiorly
139
How is the tympanic cavity connected to the mastoid cells?
Via the mastoid antrum
140
Label this diagram
* A - Pinna * B - Ossicles * C - Auditory nerve * D - Cochlea * E - Eustachian tube * F - Ear drum * G - Ear canal
141
What membranes does the respiratory system contain?
* Mucuous membranes * Serous membranes
142
What do mucous membranes line in the respiratory system?
The conducting portion of the respiratory tract
143
What does the conducting portion of the respiratory tract bear?
Mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees
144
What do serous membranes line in the respiratory tract?
The pleural sacs that envelop each lung
145
What are the types of epithelia found in the respiratory system?
* Psuedostratified, with cilia and goblet cells * Simple columbar, with cilia and clara cells *(but no goblet cells)* * Simple cuboidal, with clara cells and cilia * Simple squamous
146
What areas of the respiratory system have psuedostratified epithelia with cilia and goblet cells?
* Nasal cavity * Pharynx * Larynx * Trachea * Primary and secondary bronchi
147
What parts of the respiratory system have simple columnar epithelia with cilia and clara cells?
* Bronchioles * Terminal bronchioles
148
What parts of the respiratory system has simple cuboidal epithelia with clara cells and cilia?
* Respiratory bronchioles * Alveolar ducts
149
What part of the respiratory system has simple squamous epithelia?
Alveoli
150
What are the parts of the nasal cavity?
* Non-Olfactory regions * Olfactory regions
151
What epithelia is found in non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated
152
What is found in the lamina propria of non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Mucous glands and venous sinuses
153
What happens to the venous plexuses in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
They swell every 20-30 minutes
154
What is the purpose of the swelling of the venous plexuses in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Alternates air flow from side to side to prevent drying
155
What is the effect of arterial blood in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
It warms inspired air
156
What holds open the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Surrounding cartilage or bone
157
What epithelium is found in the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
Particularly thick pseudostratified epithelium
158
Are there goblet cells in the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?
No, *therefore no mucus*
159
Where are the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity located?
In the posterior, superior region of each nasal fossa
160
What do the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity contain?
* Olfactory cells * Bowman's glands
161
What are olfactory cells?
Bipolar neurons
162
What happens to the axons of olfactory cells?
They join each other to form an olfactory nerve
163
What are Bowman's glands?
Serous glands
164
What is the purpose of Bowman's glands?
Flush odorants from the epithelial surface
165
Label this diagram
* A - Microvilli * B - Olfactory vesicle * C - Junctional complex * D - Cilia * E - Supporting cell * F - Axon * G - Basal cell * H - Olfactory (Bowman's) gland * I - Olfactory cell * J - Basal lamina
166
What are the components of the larynx?
* Ventricular folds * Vocal cords
167
What are ventricular folds lined by?
Pseudostratified epithelium
168
What is the purpose of ventricles and their folds in the larynx?
Give resonance to the voice
169
What are vocal cords lined by?
Stratified squamous epithelium
170
What is the function of the vocal cord?
* Can stop foreign objects from reaching the lungs * Close to build up pressure when coughing is required
171
Label this diagram
* A - False vocal cord * B - Ventricle * C - True vocal cord
172
What are the histological features of the trachea?
* Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium * Lamina propria with many elastin fibres * Seromucus glands * C-shaped cartilage rings
173
Label this histological slide
* A - C-shaped cartilage ring * B - Submucosa with seromucous glands * C - Lamina propria * D - Epithelium
174
Label this histological slide
* A - Oesophagus * B - Cartilage * C - Bone tissue * D - Fibroelastic membrane * E - Trachea * F - Bone tissue * G - Cartilage
175
What are the primary bronchi histologically similar to?
* The trachea * Lobar and segmental bronchi
176
How does the primary bronchi differ from the trachea?
The cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen
177
How do the lobar and segmental bronchi differ from the primary bronchi?
Cartilage in cresent shapes, *not a ring or completely encircling lumen*
178
Label this histological slide
* A - Cartilage *(cresent-shaped)* * B - Epithelium *(pseudostratified, ciliated)* * C - Smooth muscle * D - Glands in submucosa
179
What are the histological features of the bronchus?
* Small diameter * Cartilage reduced to small islands * Glands in submucosa
180
Label this histological slide
* A - Pulmonary artery * B - Bronchial artery * C - Cartilage * D - Bronchus * E - Glands in submucosa * F - Bronchiole
181
What are the histological features of the bronchioles?
No cartilage or glands
182
What keeps the bronchiole lumen open?
Surrounding alveoli
183
What happens as bronchioles get smaller? ## Footnote *With respect to goblet cells*
Goblet cells give way to clara cells
184
Where are clara cells found?
Interspersed between ciliated cubiodal cells
185
What do clara cells do?
Secrete a surfactant lipoprotein and protein CC16
186
What is the purpose of the surfactant lipoprotein secreted by clara cells?
It prevents the walls sticking together during expiration
187
What is the clinical importance of protein CC16?
It is a measurable marker in bronchoalveolar damage or leakage across the air-blood barrier
188
What does lowered CC16 indiciate?
Lung damage
189
What does raised CC16 indicate?
Leakage across barrier
190
Label this diagram of a Clara cell
* A - Secretory vesicles * B - Golgi apparatus * C - rER * D - Nucleus * E - Junctional complex * F - sER * G - Mitochondrion * H - Basal lamina
191
Why is absence of goblet cells in the terminal bronchiole important?
To prevent individuals 'drowning' in their own mucus
192
What distinguishes bronchi from bronchioles?
* Cartilage * Glands * Differing diameters distinguishes
193
Do terminal bronchioles have alveolar openings?
No
194
Do respiratory bronchioles have alveolar openings?
Bronchiole wall opens onto some alveoli
195
Do alveolar ducts have alveolar openings?
Duct wall has openings everywhere onto alveoli
196
What is an alveolus?
A single alveoli
197
What is the alveolar sac?
Composite air space onto which many alveoli open
198
What are the features of the structure of the alveoli?
* Abundant capillaries * Supported by basketwork of elastic and reticular fibres * Covering composed chiefly of type I pneumocytes * Scattering of interventing type II pneumocytes * Macrophages line alveolar surface
199
What shape are type I pneumocytes?
Simple squamous
200
What % of the alveoli surface area is covered by type I pneumocytes?
90%
201
What do type 1 pneumocytes permit?
Gas exchange with capillaries
202
What shape are type II pneumocytes?
Simple cuboidal
203
What do type II pneumocytes do?
Produce surfactant
204
What % of the alveoli surface area is covered by type II pneumocytes?
10%
205
What is the purpose of the macrophages lining the alveolar surface?
To phagocytose particles
206
When can new alveoli develop up to?
8 years old
207
How many alveoli are there at 8 years old?
300,000,000
208
What can alveoli open into?
* A respiratory bronchile * An alveolar duct or sac * Another alveolous *(via an alveolar pore)*
209
Label this histological slide
210
Label this diagram
* A - Smooth muscle * B - Alveolus * C - Capillaries * D - Elastic fibres
211
What is this photomicrograph showing?
Alveolar sac with adjacent alveoli

ESA 3 - Respiratory System (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions