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ESA 3 - Respiratory System > Introduction and Histology of Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Introduction and Histology of Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system work to do?

A

Ensure that all tissues receive the oxygen that they need, and can dispose of the CO2 they produce

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2
Q

What does blood do?

In relation to gas exchange

A

Carries gases to and from tissues, where the lungs exchange them with the atmosphere

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3
Q

What is the Kinetic Theory of Gases?

A

Gases are a collection of molecules moving around a space, generating pressure by colliding with the walls of the space. As collisions become more frequent, and harder, the pressure goes up.

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4
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

If a given amount of gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the molecules will hit the wall more often, therefore pressure will rise.

If temperature is constant, pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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5
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

The kinetic energy of molecules increases with temperature. As temperature increases, the molecules hit the walls more often, so pressure increases.

Pressure is proportional to absoloute temperature (scale starts at absoloute zero)

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6
Q

What is the Universal Gas Law?

A

Pressure x Volume = Gas constant x Temperature (oK)

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7
Q

What does the Universal Gas Law allow?

A

The calculation of how volume will change as pressure and temperature changes

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8
Q

What is meant by partial pressure?

A

In a mixture of gases, molecules of each type behave independently, so each gas exerts its own pressure, which is a portion of the total pressure- a partial pressure

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9
Q

What is partial pressure calculated as?

A

The same fraction of the total pressure as the volume fraction of the gas in the mixture

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10
Q

What is meant by vapour pressure?

A

In biological systems, gas mixtures are always in contact with water, so gas molecules dissolve, and water molecules evaporate, and then exert their own partial pressure- this is known as vapour pressure

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11
Q

What is meant by saturated vapour pressure?

A

When the rate of molecules entering and leaving water at the same time is equal, this is the saturated volume pressure

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12
Q

How much water vapour is in gases when they enter our body?

In terms of saturation

A

They are completely saturated with water vapour

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13
Q

Why are gases entering our body completely saturated with water vapour?

A

So they don’t dry out our lungs

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14
Q

What does gas tension in liquids indicate?

A

How readily a gas will leave the liquid, not (at least directly) how much gas is in the liquid

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15
Q

What is tension equal to at equilibrium?

A

Partial pressure

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16
Q

How quickly is tension equilibrium reaching in the body?

A

Very quickly

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17
Q

What is the amount of gas that enters a liquid to establish a particular tension determined by?

A

Solubility

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18
Q

How is content of gas in a liquid calculated?

A

Content = solubility x tension

i.e. how easily a gas will dissolve x how readily it will leave

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19
Q

What must happen if the gas reacts with a component of the liquid?

With regards to tension and content

A

The reaction must be complete before tension, and therefore content can be established

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20
Q

What is total content equal to?

A

Total content = Reacted gas + Dissolved gas

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21
Q

What is meant by tidal volume?

A

The lung volume that represents the amount of air that is displaced between normal inspiration an expiration, when extra effort is not required

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22
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating-

  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
  • Vital capacity
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Tidal volume
  • Funtional residual capacity
  • Total lung capacity
A
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23
Q

What is meant by respiratory rate/pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths taken in a set time, usually 60 seconds

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24
Q

What are the two circulations of the lungs?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Bronchial
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25
Q

What is the bronchial circulation part of?

A

The systemic circulation

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the bronchial circulation?

A

It meets the metabolic requirements of the lungs

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27
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

The blood supply to the alveoli

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28
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation required for?

A

Gas exchange

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29
Q

What must the pulmonary circulation accept?

A

The entire cardiac output

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30
Q

At what resistance does the pulmonary circulation work?

A

Low

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31
Q

What allows the pulmonary circulation to work at low resistance?

A
  • Short, wide vessels
  • Lots of capillaries connected in parallel
  • Arterioles with relatively little smooth muscle
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32
Q

What does the low resistance of the pulmonary circulation lead to?

A

The circulation operating under low pressure

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33
Q

What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery?

A

12-15mmHg

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34
Q

What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary capillaries?

A

9-12mmHg

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35
Q

What is the mean pressure of the pulmonary veins?

A

5mmHg

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36
Q

What must happen for efficient oxygenation?

With respect to ventilation

A

Ventilation of the alveoli need to be matched with perfusion

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37
Q

What is the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?

A

0.8

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38
Q

What is required to maintain the optimal ventilation/perfusion ratio?

A

Diverting blood from alveoli that are less well perfused

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39
Q

How is diversion of blood from less well perfused alveoli achieved?

A

Hypoxic pulmonary vasconstriction

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40
Q

How does hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction achieve ventilation-perfusion matching?

A

Alveolar hypoxia results in vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels, and the increased resistance means less flow to the poorly ventilated areas and greater flow to well ventilated areas

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41
Q

What can chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction lead to?

A

Right ventricular failure

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42
Q

Why can chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction lead to right ventricular failure?

A

The chronic increase in vascular resistance puts a high afterload on the right ventricle, leading to its failure

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43
Q

What is meant by the upper respiratory tract?

A

The parts of the respiratory tract lying outside the thorax

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44
Q

What components does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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45
Q

What is meant by the lower respiratory tract?

A

Parts of the respiratory system lying inside the thorax

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46
Q

What components does the lower respiratory tract contain?

A
  • Trachea
  • Main/primary bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Sub-segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Termainal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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47
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there?

A
  • Three on right
  • Two on left
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48
Q

What do bronchi have in their walls?

A

Cartilage

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49
Q

How do bronchioles walls differ from those of bronchi?

A
  • No cartilage
  • More smooth muscle
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50
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Nasal cavity
  • B - Pharynx
  • C - Larynx
  • D - Trachea
  • E - Primary bronchi
  • F - Lungs
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51
Q

What are the lungs a means of doing?

A

Getting air to one side, and blood to the other, of a very thin membrane, with a large surface area

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52
Q

What structural features do the trachea and bronchi have?

A

Cartilaginous rings

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53
Q

Why do the trachea and bronchi have cartilaginous rings?

A

In order to hold them open and provide a path for air to travel to the alveoli

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54
Q

How do bronchioles draw air into the lungs?

A

By increasing their volume

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55
Q

How do bronchioles increase their volume?

A

Using the smooth muscle in their walls

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56
Q

What cells do alveoli have?

A
  • Type I
  • Type II
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57
Q

What type of cells are type I alveolar cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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58
Q

What is the purpoes of type I alveolar cells?

A

Provide single cell thickness membrane for diffusion

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59
Q

What is the purpose of type II alveolar cells?

A

Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension of alveoli

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60
Q

Where is the nose found?

A

Superior to the hard palate

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61
Q

What is the nose comprised of?

A

The external nose and nasasl cavity

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62
Q

What is the nasal cavity divided into?

A

Right and left cavities

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63
Q

What divides the left and right cavities of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal septum

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64
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Smelling
  • Respiration
  • Filtration of dust
  • Humidification of inspired air
  • Reception and elimination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
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65
Q

What happens to air passing over the respiratory area of the nose?

A

It is warmed and moistened before it passes through the rest of the upper respiratory tract to the lungs

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66
Q

What contains the peripheral organ of smell?

A

The olfactory area

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67
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

Scroll-like structures

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68
Q

What are the nasal conchae also known as?

A

Terbinates

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69
Q

What are names of the nasal conchae?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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70
Q

How do the nasal conchae sit?

A

They curve inferiormedially, hanging like short curtains from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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71
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?

A

They offer a vast surface area for heat exchange

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72
Q

Which concha is longest and broadest?

A

The inferior

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73
Q

What is the inferior concha formed by?

A

An independent bone (the inferior concha)

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74
Q

What are the middle and superior conchae formed from?

A

The medial processes of the Ethmoid bone

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75
Q

What underlies each of the terbinates?

A

A recess or nasal meatus

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76
Q

What is the effect of the nasal meatus?

A

It divides the nasal cavity into 5 passages

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77
Q

Where does the sphenoethmoidal recess lie?

A

Superoposteiror to the superior conca

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78
Q

What does the sphenoethmoidal recess receive?

A

The opening of the sphenoidal sinus

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79
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Ethmoidal crest of maxilla
  • B - Atrium
  • C - Lumen
  • D - Nasal vestible
  • E - Vibrissae (nasal hairs)
  • F - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  • G - Superior nasal meatus
  • H - Middle nasal meatus
  • I - Inferior nasal meatus
  • J - Nasopharynx
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80
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into cranial bones

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81
Q

What are the sinuses named according to?

A

The bones in which they are located

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82
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxilla
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83
Q

Where are the right and left frontal sinuses located?

A

Between the outer and inner tables of frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and the root of the nose

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84
Q

When are the frontal sinuses usally detectable?

A

In children by 7 years of age

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85
Q

How do the frontal sinuses drain?

A

Each drain through a frontonasal duct

86
Q

Where do the frontal sinuses drain into?

A

The ethmoidal infundibulum

87
Q

What does the ethmoidal infundibulum open into?

A

The semilunar hiatus of the middle nasal recess

88
Q

What are the ethmoidal cells (sinuses)?

A

Small invaginations of the mucuous membrane of the middle and superior nasal recesses into the Ethmoid bone

89
Q

When are the ethmoidal cells visible in plain radiographs?

A

After 2 years of age

90
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells drain?

A

Directly or indirectly into the middle nasal recess through the ethmoidal infundibulum

91
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open?

A

Directly into the middle nasal recess

92
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open?

A

Directly into the superior nasal recess

93
Q

Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?

A

In the body of the sphenoid, may extend into the wings of the bone

94
Q

Why may the sphenoidal sinuses be susceptible to injury?

A

The body of the sphenoid is fragile, and only thin plates of bone seperate the sinuses from several important structures

95
Q

What structures are sepearated fron the sphenoidal sinuses by thin plates of bone?

A
  • Optic nerves and chiasm
  • Pituitary gland
  • Internal carotid arteries
96
Q

Where do the sphenoidal sinuses drain?

A

Directly into the sphenoethmoidal recess

97
Q

What are the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinuses

98
Q

What do the maxillary sinuses occupy?

A

The bodies of the maxillae

99
Q

How do the maxillary sinuses drain?

A

By one or more openings, the maxillary ostium (ostia), into the middle nasal recess by way of the semilunar hiatus

100
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Supra-orbital nerve
  • B - Frontal sinus
  • C - Crista galli
  • D - Superior oblique
  • E - Medial rectus
  • F - Ethmoidal infundibulum
  • G - Ethmoidal air cells
  • H - Air cell in middle concha
  • I - Semilunar hiatus
  • J - Middle meatus
  • K - Opening of maxillary sinus
  • L - Inferior minus
  • M - Inferior concha
  • N - Nasal septum
  • O - Hard palate
  • P - Oral cavity
  • Q - Maxillary sinus
  • R - Infra-orbital vessels and nerve
  • S - Inferior rectus
  • T - Inferior oblique
  • U - Lateral rectus
  • V - Eyeball
  • W - Check ligament
  • X - Lacrimal gland
  • Y - Superior rectus
  • Z - Levator palpebrae superioris
101
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Frontal
  • B & C - Ethmoidal
  • D - Maxillary
  • E - Sphenoidal
102
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The superior, expanded part of the alimentary system

103
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, and extending inferiorly past the larynx

104
Q

Where does the pharynx extend?

A

From the cranial base to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly

105
Q

How wide is the pharynx at its widest point?

A

~5cm

106
Q

Where is the pharynx at its widest?

A

Opposite the hyoid

107
Q

How wide is the pharynx at its narrowest point?

A

~1.5cm

108
Q

Where is the pharynx at its narrowest?

A

At its inferior end, where it is continuous with the oesophagus

109
Q

What is the pharynx divided into?

A
  • The nasopharynx
  • The oropharynx
  • The laryngopharnx
110
Q

Where is the nasopharynx found?

A

Posterior to the nose and superior to the soft palate

111
Q

What kind of function does the nasopharynx have?

A

Respiratory

112
Q

Why does the nasopharynx have a respiratory function?

A

As it is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities

113
Q

What is formed around the superior part of the pharynx?

A

A tonsillar ring

114
Q

What forms the tonsillar ring?

A

Lymphoid tissue

115
Q

What does the tonsillar ring aggregate to form?

A

Tonsils

116
Q

Where is the oropharynx found?

A

Posterior to the mouth

117
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend?

A

From the soft plate to the superior border of the epiglottis

118
Q

What kind of function does the oropharynx have?

A

Digestive

119
Q

What is the oropharynx involved in?

A

Swallowing

120
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx found?

A

Posterior to the larynx

121
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx end from?

A

The superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

122
Q

What happens to the laryngopharynx at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?

A

It becomes continuous with the oesophagus

123
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Nasopharynx
  • B - Oropharynx
  • C - Hypopharynx
  • D - Oesphagus
  • E - Sinus
  • F - Nasal cavity
  • G - Salivary glands
  • H - Oral cavity
  • I - Trachea
124
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Chona (posterior nasal aperture)
  • B - Posterior lip of mouth of pharyngotympanic tube
  • C - Pharyngeal recesses
  • D - Salpingopharyngeal fold
  • E - Terminal sulcus of tounge
  • F - Pharyngo-epiglottic fold
  • G - Aryepiglottic fold
  • H - Piriform fossa (recess)
  • I - Thyroid gland
  • J - Esophagus
  • K - Pharyngo-esophageal junction (narrowest part of oesophagus)
  • L - Mucuous membrane covering cricoid cartilage
  • M - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (cut)
  • N - Interarytenoid notch
  • O - Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
  • P - Epiglottis
  • Q - Middle pharyngeal constrictior (cut)
  • R - Posterior 1/3 of tounge
  • S - Foramen cecum
  • T - Superior pharyngeal constrictor (cut)
  • U - Uvula
  • V - Soft palate
  • W - Nasal septum
  • X - Cranial base
  • Y - Body of sphenoid and basilar part of occipital bone
  • I - Nasopharynx
  • II - Oropharynx
  • III - Laryngopharynx
125
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

The inferior oropharynx to the trachea

126
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

The complex organ of voice production - the voice box

127
Q

Where does the larynx extend?

A

From the laryngeal inlet, through which it communicates with the laryngopharynx, to the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

128
Q

What is the laryngeal cavity continuous with at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?

A

The trachea

129
Q

What is the larynx’s most vital function?

A

To guard the air passages, especially during swallowing

130
Q

What does the larynx serve as during swallowing?

A

The sphincter/valve of the lower respiratory tract, thus maintaining airway

131
Q

What does the voice box do?

A

Controls sound production

132
Q

What is the voice box composed of?

A

Nine cartilages, connected by membranes and ligaments containing the vocal folds

133
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Epiglottis
  • B - Aryepiglottic fold
  • C - Laryngeal vestibule
  • D - Vestibular fold
  • E - Thyroid cartilage
  • F - Saccule
  • G - Laryngeal ventricle
  • H - Middle part of laryngeal cavity
  • I - Vocal ligaments (opposed)
  • J - Conus elasticus
  • K - Infraglottic cavity
  • L - Cricoid cartilage
  • M - Trachea
134
Q

What is the tympanic cavity?

A

The cavity of the middle ear- the narrow air-filled champer in the petrous part of the temporal bone

135
Q

What is the tympanic cavity connected with?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Mastoid cells
136
Q

In what direction is the nasopharynx connected with the tympanic cavity?

A

Anteromedially

137
Q

How is the nasopharynx connected to the tympanic cavity?

A

Via the pharyngotympanic (Eustachain) tube

138
Q

In what direction is the tympanic cavity connected to the mastoid cells?

A

Posterosuperiorly

139
Q

How is the tympanic cavity connected to the mastoid cells?

A

Via the mastoid antrum

140
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Pinna
  • B - Ossicles
  • C - Auditory nerve
  • D - Cochlea
  • E - Eustachian tube
  • F - Ear drum
  • G - Ear canal
141
Q

What membranes does the respiratory system contain?

A
  • Mucuous membranes
  • Serous membranes
142
Q

What do mucous membranes line in the respiratory system?

A

The conducting portion of the respiratory tract

143
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory tract bear?

A

Mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees

144
Q

What do serous membranes line in the respiratory tract?

A

The pleural sacs that envelop each lung

145
Q

What are the types of epithelia found in the respiratory system?

A
  • Psuedostratified, with cilia and goblet cells
  • Simple columbar, with cilia and clara cells (but no goblet cells)
  • Simple cuboidal, with clara cells and cilia
  • Simple squamous
146
Q

What areas of the respiratory system have psuedostratified epithelia with cilia and goblet cells?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary and secondary bronchi
147
Q

What parts of the respiratory system have simple columnar epithelia with cilia and clara cells?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
148
Q

What parts of the respiratory system has simple cuboidal epithelia with clara cells and cilia?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
149
Q

What part of the respiratory system has simple squamous epithelia?

A

Alveoli

150
Q

What are the parts of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Non-Olfactory regions
  • Olfactory regions
151
Q

What epithelia is found in non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated

152
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Mucous glands and venous sinuses

153
Q

What happens to the venous plexuses in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

They swell every 20-30 minutes

154
Q

What is the purpose of the swelling of the venous plexuses in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Alternates air flow from side to side to prevent drying

155
Q

What is the effect of arterial blood in the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

It warms inspired air

156
Q

What holds open the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Surrounding cartilage or bone

157
Q

What epithelium is found in the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Particularly thick pseudostratified epithelium

158
Q

Are there goblet cells in the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity?

A

No, therefore no mucus

159
Q

Where are the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity located?

A

In the posterior, superior region of each nasal fossa

160
Q

What do the olfactory regions of the nasal cavity contain?

A
  • Olfactory cells
  • Bowman’s glands
161
Q

What are olfactory cells?

A

Bipolar neurons

162
Q

What happens to the axons of olfactory cells?

A

They join each other to form an olfactory nerve

163
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

Serous glands

164
Q

What is the purpose of Bowman’s glands?

A

Flush odorants from the epithelial surface

165
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Microvilli
  • B - Olfactory vesicle
  • C - Junctional complex
  • D - Cilia
  • E - Supporting cell
  • F - Axon
  • G - Basal cell
  • H - Olfactory (Bowman’s) gland
  • I - Olfactory cell
  • J - Basal lamina
166
Q

What are the components of the larynx?

A
  • Ventricular folds
  • Vocal cords
167
Q

What are ventricular folds lined by?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

168
Q

What is the purpose of ventricles and their folds in the larynx?

A

Give resonance to the voice

169
Q

What are vocal cords lined by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

170
Q

What is the function of the vocal cord?

A
  • Can stop foreign objects from reaching the lungs
  • Close to build up pressure when coughing is required
171
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - False vocal cord
  • B - Ventricle
  • C - True vocal cord
172
Q

What are the histological features of the trachea?

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
  • Lamina propria with many elastin fibres
  • Seromucus glands
  • C-shaped cartilage rings
173
Q

Label this histological slide

A
  • A - C-shaped cartilage ring
  • B - Submucosa with seromucous glands
  • C - Lamina propria
  • D - Epithelium
174
Q

Label this histological slide

A
  • A - Oesophagus
  • B - Cartilage
  • C - Bone tissue
  • D - Fibroelastic membrane
  • E - Trachea
  • F - Bone tissue
  • G - Cartilage
175
Q

What are the primary bronchi histologically similar to?

A
  • The trachea
  • Lobar and segmental bronchi
176
Q

How does the primary bronchi differ from the trachea?

A

The cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen

177
Q

How do the lobar and segmental bronchi differ from the primary bronchi?

A

Cartilage in cresent shapes, not a ring or completely encircling lumen

178
Q

Label this histological slide

A
  • A - Cartilage (cresent-shaped)
  • B - Epithelium (pseudostratified, ciliated)
  • C - Smooth muscle
  • D - Glands in submucosa
179
Q

What are the histological features of the bronchus?

A
  • Small diameter
  • Cartilage reduced to small islands
  • Glands in submucosa
180
Q

Label this histological slide

A
  • A - Pulmonary artery
  • B - Bronchial artery
  • C - Cartilage
  • D - Bronchus
  • E - Glands in submucosa
  • F - Bronchiole
181
Q

What are the histological features of the bronchioles?

A

No cartilage or glands

182
Q

What keeps the bronchiole lumen open?

A

Surrounding alveoli

183
Q

What happens as bronchioles get smaller?

With respect to goblet cells

A

Goblet cells give way to clara cells

184
Q

Where are clara cells found?

A

Interspersed between ciliated cubiodal cells

185
Q

What do clara cells do?

A

Secrete a surfactant lipoprotein and protein CC16

186
Q

What is the purpose of the surfactant lipoprotein secreted by clara cells?

A

It prevents the walls sticking together during expiration

187
Q

What is the clinical importance of protein CC16?

A

It is a measurable marker in bronchoalveolar damage or leakage across the air-blood barrier

188
Q

What does lowered CC16 indiciate?

A

Lung damage

189
Q

What does raised CC16 indicate?

A

Leakage across barrier

190
Q

Label this diagram of a Clara cell

A
  • A - Secretory vesicles
  • B - Golgi apparatus
  • C - rER
  • D - Nucleus
  • E - Junctional complex
  • F - sER
  • G - Mitochondrion
  • H - Basal lamina
191
Q

Why is absence of goblet cells in the terminal bronchiole important?

A

To prevent individuals ‘drowning’ in their own mucus

192
Q

What distinguishes bronchi from bronchioles?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Glands
  • Differing diameters distinguishes
193
Q

Do terminal bronchioles have alveolar openings?

A

No

194
Q

Do respiratory bronchioles have alveolar openings?

A

Bronchiole wall opens onto some alveoli

195
Q

Do alveolar ducts have alveolar openings?

A

Duct wall has openings everywhere onto alveoli

196
Q

What is an alveolus?

A

A single alveoli

197
Q

What is the alveolar sac?

A

Composite air space onto which many alveoli open

198
Q

What are the features of the structure of the alveoli?

A
  • Abundant capillaries
  • Supported by basketwork of elastic and reticular fibres
  • Covering composed chiefly of type I pneumocytes
  • Scattering of interventing type II pneumocytes
  • Macrophages line alveolar surface
199
Q

What shape are type I pneumocytes?

A

Simple squamous

200
Q

What % of the alveoli surface area is covered by type I pneumocytes?

A

90%

201
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes permit?

A

Gas exchange with capillaries

202
Q

What shape are type II pneumocytes?

A

Simple cuboidal

203
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do?

A

Produce surfactant

204
Q

What % of the alveoli surface area is covered by type II pneumocytes?

A

10%

205
Q

What is the purpose of the macrophages lining the alveolar surface?

A

To phagocytose particles

206
Q

When can new alveoli develop up to?

A

8 years old

207
Q

How many alveoli are there at 8 years old?

A

300,000,000

208
Q

What can alveoli open into?

A
  • A respiratory bronchile
  • An alveolar duct or sac
  • Another alveolous (via an alveolar pore)
209
Q

Label this histological slide

A
210
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Smooth muscle
  • B - Alveolus
  • C - Capillaries
  • D - Elastic fibres
211
Q

What is this photomicrograph showing?

A

Alveolar sac with adjacent alveoli

ESA 3 - Respiratory System (14 decks)

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