Lung Cancer Flashcards
What are the types of lung cancer ?
Non-small cell
Small cell
Mesothelioma
Neuroendocrine
What are some risk factors for lung cancer ?
Smoking
Lung disease - TB and COPD
Radiotherapy
Toxins - asbestos, radon gas and arsenic
Pulmonary fibrosis
HIV
Family history
What are some symptoms of lung cancer ?
Cough
Haemoptysis
Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Recurrent chest infections
Weight loss
Anorexia
Fatigue
What are some signs of lung cancer ?
Cachexia
Clubbing
Anaemia
Lymphadenopathy - axilla, supraclavicular
Chest - pleural effusion, consolidation
SVCO
Horner’s syndrome
What are some criteria for an urgent CXR ?
Age over 40 + ( 2 of the following )
- cough
- fatigue
- SOB
- chest pain
- weight loss
- anorexia
( smoking is +1)
What is associated with small cell lung cancer ?
Paraneoplastic disease
What is the management of small cell lung cancer ?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
What are the most common non-small cell lung cancers and where do they arise from ?
Adenocarcinoma- glands lining the lungs
Squamous cell carcinoma - flat cells over surface of the airways
What is stage 1 lung cancer ?
The cancer is small ( 3 - 5 cm )
No spread to the lymph nodes
What is stage 2 lung cancer ?
The tumour is larger than 5cm and there is spread to nearby lymph nodes
What is stage 3a lung cancer ?
The cancer extends into surrounding tissues and structures ( lining of the lung and chest wall - ipsilateral lymph nodes )
What is stage 3b lung cancer ?
More than 2 tumours
Spread to contralateral lung and lymph nodes
What is stage 4 lung cancer ?
Metastatic spread to other parts of the body - brain, bone, liver and adrenal glands
What is the management of stage 1/2 lung cancer ?
Surgery
Adjuvant chemotherapy
What is the management of medically inoperable stage 1/2 lung cancer ?
Radical radiotherapy
What is the management of metastatic lung cancer ?
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
What lung cancers can benefit from biological or targeted therapy ?
Non-squamous tumours
How does Horner’s syndrome present ?
Ipsilateral -
. Ptosis
. Miosis
. Anhydrosis
. Enophthalmus
What causes horners syndrome ?
Compression of the sympathetic ganglion
Associated with pancoast tumour
Which cancer is associated with pancoast tumour ?
Non-small cell lung cancer
What can a pancoast tumour compress ?
Brachiocephalic vein
Phrenic nerve
Subclavian artery
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic ganglion
What are some symptoms of a pancoast tumour ?
Symptoms of lung cancer
Pain / weakness in muscles of hand and arm
Hoarse voice
Bovine cough
SVCO
How is a pancoast tumour managed ?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
