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Y4 Cancer > Breast Cancer > Flashcards

Breast Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are some weak risk factors for breast cancer ?

A

Family member of post-menopausal breast cancer
Later menopause
Early menarche
Nulliparity
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
HRT long term

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2
Q

What are some moderate risk factors for breast cancer ?

A

Age
Family history of pre-menopausal breast cancer
Personal history of breast cancer
Dense breasts

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3
Q

What are some strong risk factors for breast cancer ?

A

Family history in 3 or more family members
Evidence of BRCA1/2 gene
Dense breasts

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4
Q

What are the most commonly identified germline mutations to cause breast cancer and what inheritance are they ?

A

BRCA1 and 2
Autosomal dominant

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5
Q

What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome ?

A

Loss of function mutation in the p53 tumour suppressor gene

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6
Q

What cancers does Li-Fraumeni syndrome increase the risk of ?

A

Breast
Prostate
Colorectal

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7
Q

What is mammography ?

A

X-ray images of breasts
Medial-oblique view and a cranio-caudal view of both breasts

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8
Q

What is the gold standard screening tool for breast cancer ?

A

Mammography

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9
Q

What are the 2 common types of pre-malignant breast conditions ?

A

Lobular carcinoma in-situ
Ductal carcinoma in-situ

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10
Q

What is lobular carcinoma in situ ?

A

A pre-malignant condition arising from the cells of the breast lobules.
Atypical cells haven’t invaded nearby breast tissue

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11
Q

What is Ductal carcinoma in situ ?

A

Composed of malignant epithelial cells that arise in the breast ducts and have not yet invaded beyond the basement membrane in their site of origin.

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12
Q

What is the management of Ductal carcinoma in situ ?

A

Routinely surgically excised

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13
Q

What is the management of lobular carcinoma in situ ?

A

More frequent screening mammograms
Hormonal therapy can decrease their risk of future breast cancer

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14
Q

What are the 2 most common invasive breast cancers ?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma

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15
Q

How does invasive lobular breast cancer occur ?

A

A single-file of infiltrating cells invade into the breast stromal tissue

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16
Q

What is inflammatory breast carcinoma and how does it present ?

A

A rare but highly aggressive form of breast cancer

Red, warm swollen breast, peau d’orange ( orange peel texture )

17
Q

What is Paget’s disease of breast and how does it present ?

A

Rare form of invasive breast cancer derived from epithelium.

Crusting and scaling of skin around nipple, pruritus, nipple discharge and a lump

18
Q

What is the most favourable hormone receptor status for breast cancer ?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive

19
Q

What is HER2 ?

A

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
A proto-oncogene for a transmembrane growth factor receptor

20
Q

What is a targeted therapy against HER2 positive breast cancer ?

A

Herceptin - a monoclonal antibody against HER2 protein

21
Q

How can breast cancer present ?

A

Asymptomatic
Breast lump/mass
Nipple changes - inversion, discharge,
Skin changes - red, warm, peau d’orange
Non-specific B symptoms

22
Q

What imaging can be done when suspecting breast cancer ?

A

Mammogram
USS
MRI

23
Q

How can a biopsy be taken for breast cancer ?

A

Fine needle aspiration
Core needle biopsy
USS guided biopsy

24
Q

What is the main treatment for breast cancer ?

A

Surgery - lumpectomy or mastectomy

25
Q

Other than surgery what are some other ways breast cancer can be managed ?

A

External beam Radiation
Hormonal therapies
Chemotherapy

26
Q

What are some side effects of radiation for breast cancer ?

A

Fatigue
Skin changes
Breast pain
Lymphoedema

27
Q

What is the first line hormonal therapy for pre-menopausal breast cancer patients ?

A

Tamoxifen

28
Q

What is a risk of using tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer ?

A

Endometrial cancer
DVT
PE
Stroke

29
Q

What are some side effects of using hormonal therapies in managing breast cancer ?

A

Hot flashes
Sexual dysfunction
Weight gain
Constipation or diarrhoea
Nausea
Fatigue

Y4 Cancer (12 decks)

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