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Y4 Cancer > Gynaecological Cancers > Flashcards

Gynaecological Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risk factors of cervical cancer ?

A

HPV
Smoking
Immunocompromised
Multiparity
Long term contraceptive use

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2
Q

What is HPV ?

A

A small DNA virus that spreads by skin to skin contact ( sexual activity ).
Risk factor for cervical cancer

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3
Q

What are the most high risk HPV types for their association with cervical cancer ?

A

16
18
31
33

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4
Q

What is a primary preventative measure for cervical cancer ?

A

HPV vaccine

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5
Q

What is a secondary preventative measure for cervical cancer ?

A

Smear testing

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6
Q

How does cervical cancer present ?

A

Asymptomatic
Abnormal bleeding
Increased vaginal discharge
General B symptoms

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7
Q

How is cervical cancer diagnosed ?

A

Speculum exam
FBC, LFTs, U&E’s
HIV testing
CA125 ( elevated in 20 %)
Imaging - CT abdo pelvis, cystoscopy
Colposcopy
Cervical biopsy

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8
Q

What is CIN 1 ?

A

Mild cervical dysplasia
Confined to the basal third of the epithelium

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9
Q

What is CIN 2 ?

A

Moderate cervical dysplasia
Basal 2 thirds of the epithelium

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10
Q

What is CIN 3 ?

A

Severe cervical dysplasia
/
Carcinoma in situ

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11
Q

What are some options for the management of cervical cancer ?

A

Hysterectomy
Chemo radiation

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12
Q

What is a hysterectomy ?

A

Surgical removal of the cervix, uterus and sometimes the fallopian tubes and ovaries

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13
Q

What is the round ligament ?

A

An extension of the uterine musculature that attaches at the uterine fundus and travels retroperitoneally to enter the inguinal canal

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14
Q

What is the broad ligament ?

A

A double layer of visceral and parietal peritoneum that invests the lateral body of the uterus and upper cervix

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15
Q

What is lymphatic drainage of the cervix and uterus ?

A

External and internal iliac nodes

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16
Q

What are some risk factors for endometrial cancer ?

A

Age
Excess oestrogen - obesity, late menopause, easily menarche, nullparity, tamoxifen therapy
Genetics - lynch syndrome
P53 mutations

17
Q

How does endometrial cancer present ?

A

Post-menopausal bleeding
Heavy or irregular periods
Vaginal discharge

18
Q

What are some investigations for endometrial cancer ?

A

Pregnancy test
Cervical cytology
Transvaginal USS
Imaging - CT abdo pelvis

19
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial cancer ?

A

Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Pelvic radiation

20
Q

What are some prognostic factors for endometrial cancer ?

A

Age
Tumour grade
Stage or degree of spread
Cell type

Y4 Cancer (12 decks)

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