Gynaecological Cancers Flashcards
What are some risk factors of cervical cancer ?
HPV
Smoking
Immunocompromised
Multiparity
Long term contraceptive use
What is HPV ?
A small DNA virus that spreads by skin to skin contact ( sexual activity ).
Risk factor for cervical cancer
What are the most high risk HPV types for their association with cervical cancer ?
16
18
31
33
What is a primary preventative measure for cervical cancer ?
HPV vaccine
What is a secondary preventative measure for cervical cancer ?
Smear testing
How does cervical cancer present ?
Asymptomatic
Abnormal bleeding
Increased vaginal discharge
General B symptoms
How is cervical cancer diagnosed ?
Speculum exam
FBC, LFTs, U&E’s
HIV testing
CA125 ( elevated in 20 %)
Imaging - CT abdo pelvis, cystoscopy
Colposcopy
Cervical biopsy
What is CIN 1 ?
Mild cervical dysplasia
Confined to the basal third of the epithelium
What is CIN 2 ?
Moderate cervical dysplasia
Basal 2 thirds of the epithelium
What is CIN 3 ?
Severe cervical dysplasia
/
Carcinoma in situ
What are some options for the management of cervical cancer ?
Hysterectomy
Chemo radiation
What is a hysterectomy ?
Surgical removal of the cervix, uterus and sometimes the fallopian tubes and ovaries
What is the round ligament ?
An extension of the uterine musculature that attaches at the uterine fundus and travels retroperitoneally to enter the inguinal canal
What is the broad ligament ?
A double layer of visceral and parietal peritoneum that invests the lateral body of the uterus and upper cervix
What is lymphatic drainage of the cervix and uterus ?
External and internal iliac nodes
What are some risk factors for endometrial cancer ?
Age
Excess oestrogen - obesity, late menopause, easily menarche, nullparity, tamoxifen therapy
Genetics - lynch syndrome
P53 mutations
How does endometrial cancer present ?
Post-menopausal bleeding
Heavy or irregular periods
Vaginal discharge
What are some investigations for endometrial cancer ?
Pregnancy test
Cervical cytology
Transvaginal USS
Imaging - CT abdo pelvis
What is the treatment for endometrial cancer ?
Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Pelvic radiation
What are some prognostic factors for endometrial cancer ?
Age
Tumour grade
Stage or degree of spread
Cell type
