Lung cancer Flashcards
Divided into […] and […] .
[…] malignancies are the most common, with […] being the most common sub-type.
small-cell, non-small cell tumours
Non-small cell lung
Adenocarcinoma
Risk factors
- Smoking (tobacco and cannabis)
- Passive smoking
- Occupation exposure ([…], silica, welding fumes, […])
What else?
asbestos, coal
HIV
Organ transplantation
Radiation exposure (X-ray, gamma rays).
Beta-carotene supplements in smokers.
Symptoms of lung cancer
- Cough
- Haemoptysis
- Dyspnoea
- Chest pain
- Weight loss
What else
Nausea and Vomiting
Anorexia
Signs
- Cachexia
- Finger […]
- Anaemia
- […] syndrome - if in the apex
What else?
clubbing
Horner’s
Enlargement of supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes
Paraneoplastic syndromes
- Cushing’s syndrome, SIADH, and […] syndrome (suggest small-cell), […] (suggests squamous cell)
- Carcinoid ([…], flushing and diarrhoea)
Lambert-Eaton
hyperparathyroidism
hepatomegaly
Non-metastatic manifestations of bronchial carcinoma
Airway obstruction can lead to […]
[…] obstruction can lead to facial plethora and dyspnoea
SOB
SVC
NSCLC: Squamous cell carcinoma
- Most common to […]
- Often causes […] - bone destruction or secretion of PTH analogues
- Associated with finger […] and […]
cavitate
hypercalcaemia
clubbing
HPOA
NSCLC: Adenocarcinoma
- It is the […] common type of lung cancer
- Arises from […] cells in the bronchial epithelium
- Does not usually cavitate
- […] likely to be related to smoking
- […] likely to cause pleural effusion (same as […])
most
mucous
least
most, mesotheliomas
Small cell carcinoma
- Arise from endocrine cells ([…] cells). –> secrete many poly-peptides mainly […].
- may present as Addison’s and Cushing’s disease
- Small cell carcinoma spreads very […] and is almost always […] at presentation
Kulchitsky (enterochromaffin cells)
ACTH
early, inoperable
Metastatic Lung Cancer ABBB
- via the […]
adrenals
brain
breast
bone
bloodstream
Investigations of lung cancer
1. Sputum […]
2. Chest X-ray: may see […], lung collapse, pleural effusion, consolidation, and […] metastases.
3. Contrast-enhanced CT scan: staging –> should include both the […] and […] to look for sites of metastases.
4. […]: used to obtain a sample for histology
cytology
nodules, bony
adrenals, liver
Bronchoscopy
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) management
1. First-line: […]
2. Curative […] can also be offered to patients with stage I, II and III NSCLC.
3. […] should be offered to patients with stage III and IV NSCLC to control the disease and improve quality of life.
lobectomy
radiotherapy
chemo
Mx of small cell lung cancer
Generally palliative chemotherapy, as tumours are disseminated on presentation.
Pemberton’s sign in lung cancer
Mass obstructing SVC, raise arms by side of head for 2-3mins and check for facial redness
