Leukaemia Flashcards
Leukemia
Malignancy of blood cells
Types
AML
CML
ALL
CLL
Acute vs chronic leukemia
Acute - impaired […], resulting in large numbers of […] in the bone marrow;
Chronic - excessive proliferation of […]. Cell differentiation is […].
Acute - cell differentiation, malignant precursor cells
Chronic - mature malignant cells, unaffected.
Myeloid vs lymphocytic
myeloid leukaemia commonly arises from a myeloid precursor cell, such as […]. Lymphocytic leukaemia arises from a lymphoid precursor, such as […].
neutrophils
B-cells
AML - most common acute leukemia in […]
Features
- Bone marrow failure (anaemia, bleeding, infections)
- Signs of […] - hepatomegaly, […], and […] hypertrophy
adults
infiltration
splenomegaly, gum hypertrophy
Diagnosis of AML
- Leucocytosis may be present, but WBCs can also be normal
- […] is required, may show […] rods (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies)
Bone marrow biopsy, Auer
AML mx
chemotherapy regimens or bone marrow transplant
AML Prognosis
- […] months without treatment
- […] survival rate in 3 years
2
20%
ALL - most common cancer in […]
childhood
ALL - Features
- symptoms caused by marrow failure (anaemia, bleeding, infection)
- bone pain (infiltration)
Signs include
- painless […]
- hepatosplenomegaly,
- CNS involvement (e.g. […] palsy)
- […] infiltration (resulting in painless […] […] enlargement).
lymphadenopathy
cranial nerve VII, meningism
testicular infiltration unilateral testicular
ALL diagnosis
- […] and […] cells on blood film and bone marrow analysis
leucocytosis and blast cells
Mx - ALL
chemo
Prognosis ALL - in children […] to […] cure rate
70-90%
CML - most common is […] patients, with […] slightly more affected.
It is classically associated with the […] chromosome.
middle-aged, males
Philadelphia - part of chromosome 9 moves to chromosome 22 - BcrAbl
CML features
- weight […], tiredness, fever, and […].
Common signs include massive […] (>75%), bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia), and […].
loss, sweating (night sweats?)
splenomegaly, gout