Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignancy of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types

A

AML
CML
ALL
CLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute vs chronic leukemia

Acute - impaired […], resulting in large numbers of […] in the bone marrow;

Chronic - excessive proliferation of […]. Cell differentiation is […].

A

Acute - cell differentiation, malignant precursor cells

Chronic - mature malignant cells, unaffected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myeloid vs lymphocytic

myeloid leukaemia commonly arises from a myeloid precursor cell, such as […]. Lymphocytic leukaemia arises from a lymphoid precursor, such as […].

A

neutrophils
B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AML - most common acute leukemia in […]
Features
- Bone marrow failure (anaemia, bleeding, infections)
- Signs of […] - hepatomegaly, […], and […] hypertrophy

A

adults
infiltration
splenomegaly, gum hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnosis of AML
- Leucocytosis may be present, but WBCs can also be normal
- […] is required, may show […] rods (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies)

A

Bone marrow biopsy, Auer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

AML mx

A

chemotherapy regimens or bone marrow transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AML Prognosis
- […] months without treatment
- […] survival rate in 3 years

A

2
20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ALL - most common cancer in […]

A

childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ALL - Features
- symptoms caused by marrow failure (anaemia, bleeding, infection)
- bone pain (infiltration)
Signs include
- painless […]
- hepatosplenomegaly,
- CNS involvement (e.g. […] palsy)
- […] infiltration (resulting in painless […] […] enlargement).

A

lymphadenopathy
cranial nerve VII, meningism
testicular infiltration unilateral testicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ALL diagnosis
- […] and […] cells on blood film and bone marrow analysis

A

leucocytosis and blast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mx - ALL

A

chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prognosis ALL - in children […] to […] cure rate

A

70-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CML - most common is […] patients, with […] slightly more affected.

It is classically associated with the […] chromosome.

A

middle-aged, males
Philadelphia - part of chromosome 9 moves to chromosome 22 - BcrAbl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CML features
- weight […], tiredness, fever, and […].
Common signs include massive […] (>75%), bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia), and […].

A

loss, sweating (night sweats?)
splenomegaly, gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnosis CML
- Blood tests: […], in particular raised […] cells which include: neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils.
Bone marrow analysis shows similar findings.

A

leucocytosis, myeloid

17
Q

Mx - CML

A

Chemo

18
Q

Prognosis - CML

A

5-6 years survival

19
Q

CLL is most common in […] patients over the age of […]. It is caused by the proliferation of functionally incompetent malignant […] cells.

A

male, 60, B

20
Q

CLL features
Typically presents […]. However, patients may present with non-tender […], hepatosplenomegaly, or […] (weight loss, night sweats, and fever).
Features of marrow failure (infection, anaemia, and bleeding) are […] common than in the acute leukaemias.

A

asymptomatically, lymphadenopathy
B symptoms
less

21
Q

CLL diagnosis

The most common initial blood result is an incidental […].

Subsequent blood film shows […] cells, which are cells damaged as they lack a cytoskeletal protein.

[…] is then used to measure particular markers expressed by the malignant cells.

Other tests include bone marrow biopsy.

A

lymphocytosis
smudge
Flow cytometry

22
Q

CLL mx

A

chemo

23
Q

CLL prognosis

A

1/3 of cases don’t progress, 1/3 of cases progress slowly, and 1/3 of cases progress actively.