Lung

Question 1

Lungs are enclosed within _____
Seperated by ____

Answer 1

Plural sacs
Mediastinal structures

Question 2

Apex of the lungs

Answer 2

extends into the root of the neck. The suprapleural membrane and pleural cupola are superior and the subclavian artery leaves a groove on the mediastinal surface of the lung

Question 3

Base of the lungs

Answer 3

concave in shape. The right lung is more concave (a higher diaphragm on the right due to the liver’s position)

Question 4

Hilum of the lungs

Answer 4

structures enter and leave the lung. It is formed mainly by the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, nerve plexuses, and lymph nodes

Question 5

Structures in the lungs hilum on the right

Answer 5

superior vena cava and right atrium lie anterior to the hilum, and the azygos vein arches over it

Question 6

Structures in the lungs hilum on the left

Answer 6

thoracic aorta is posterior to the hilum; the aortic arch is superior

Question 7

Structures in the lungs hilum on both sides

Answer 7

phrenic nerve, anterior nerve plexuses and minor vessels lie anteriorly, the vagus nerves and posterior nerve plexuses lie posteriorly

Question 8

Lung lobes

Answer 8

Three on the right
2 on the left

Question 9

Each lobe is subdivided into

Answer 9

triangular bronchopulmonary segments that correspond to the individual segmental bronchi

Question 10

Right lung has two fissures:

Answer 10

Oblique - horizontal

Question 11

Oblique lung fissure

Answer 11

separates the middle and lower lobes (follows the line from the second vertebral spine to the sixth costochondral junction)

Question 12

Horizontal lung fissure (transverse

Answer 12

separates the upper and middle lobes (follows the line from the fourth costochondral junction to join the oblique fissure in the axillary line)

Question 13

Left lung has 1 fissure

Answer 13

oblique fissure separating the upper and lower lobes

Question 14

Bronchoscopic anatomy of trachea

Answer 14

appears as a glistening tube structure with a red mucosa and regular concentric white tracheal rings.

Question 15

Bronchoscopic anatomy of carina

Answer 15

sharp ridge and lies slightly to the left of the midline:

Question 16

Bronchoscopic anatomy rt main bronchus

Answer 16

Right main bronchus is wider and easier to enter:
Upper lobe bronchus – 2.5 cm from the carina (three o’clock position)
Middle lobe bronchus – 4.5 cm from the carina (12 o’clock)
Lower lobe bronchus – 4.5 cm (six o’clock)

Question 17

Bronchoscopic anatomy lt main bronchus

Answer 17

longer (at 5 cm) and narrower:
Upper lobe bronchus – 5 cm (nine o’clock) with lingular branch centrally at 5.5 cm
Lower lobe bronchus – 6 cm (six o’clock)

Question 18

Vascular of the lung

Answer 18

Bronchal artery
Pulmonary artery
Page 21

Question 19

Tracheobronchial tree and lung nerves

Answer 19

Sensory – vagus (X), recurrent laryngeal
Motor – vagus (X) (bronchoconstriction) and sympathetic fibres from T2 to T4 (bronchodilation and minor vasoconstriction)

Question 20

Plural nerves

Answer 20

Parietal sensory – phrenic and intercostal nerves
Visceral sensory – autonomic supply

Question 21

Lymphatic drainage of lung

Answer 21

1. Superficial plexus drains visceral pleura
2. Deep plexus drains bronchi (as far as alveolar ducts)

Both drain into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes – then into the tracheobronchial nodes – then into the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks. Variable termination – either directly into great veins of neck, or into thoracic duct (left) and right lymph duct (right).