Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II Fall 2023 > Lumbopelvic region > Flashcards

Lumbopelvic region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Primary: Kyphosis (thoracic & sacral)

Secondary: Lordosis (cervical & lumbar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle?

A

130-160 degrees

the junction b/w the lumbar and sacral regions of the spine
- changes with increased/decreased lordosis or pelvic tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are vertebral Endplates?

A

discs of hyaline cartilage that are remnants of the cartilaginous model from where the bone develops

touches the intervertebral discs and it is where they attach to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which parts of the vertebra make up the vertebral arch?

A

2 pedicle
2 lamina
spinous process
vertebral body
superior/inferior facets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the cervical vertebrae compared to the thoracic and lumbar

A

smallest bodies
largest canals
transverse foramen
bifid processes
facets slope upward toward nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae compared to the cervical and lumbar

A

slightly larger bodies
long sloping spinous processes
costal facets
articular facets face anterior/posterior (frontal plane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae compared to the cervical and lumbar

A

largest bodies
vertebral canal slightly larger than thoracic
transverse processes are largest
articular facets are located in sagittal plane (for flex/ext)
well innervated capsules around facet joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the unique features of the intervertebral discs?

A

Anulus fibrosus:
- outer layer of the disc
- outer 1/3rd is innervated/vascularized
- less numerous layers posteriorly
- diagonal layers that resist rotational forces

Nucleus pulposus:
- gelatinous core
- sits more posteriorly in the disc
- avascular/aneural
- gets nutrition via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some structures that help hold the L5 vertebra on the S1 vertebra?
(prevent from slipping forward)

A
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • L5/S1 facet joints (oriented b/w sagittal & frontal planes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

A
  • runs along anterior portion of the vertebral column
  • only one that resists extension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

A
  • runs along the posterior side of vertebral column
  • resists flexion & posterior disc bulge
  • narrows as it travels down the vertebral column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define the ligamentum flavum

A
  • yellow
  • runs from lamina to lamina
  • helps w/ return from flexion motions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the supraspinous ligament

A
  • runs over the tips of each spinous process (to C6)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define the interspinous ligament

A
  • runs b/w spinous processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define the intertransverse ligament

A
  • runs t/w transverse processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the layers of the Thoracolumbar Fascia?

A

Anterior TLF: in front of the QL and behind Psoas
Middle TLF: b/w QL & erector spinae
Posterior TLF: covers posterior erector spinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What muscles does the Thoracolumbar fascia house?

A
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • transversospinalis group
  • erector spinae group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which muscles contribute to lumbar stabilization?

A

-Psoas major/minor
- Quadratus Lumborum
- internal oblique & transverse abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the back

A

Superficial
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- levator scapula
- Rhomboids

Intermediate
- Serratus posterior superior/inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Superficial
- splenius cervicis
- splenius capitis

Intermediate
- Erector spinae group

Deep
- Transversospinalis group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the muscles in the Erector spinae group

A

Most lateral
- Iliocostalis lumborum
- iliocostalis thoracis
- iliocostalis cervicis

Next medial
- Longissimus thoracis
- longissimus cervicis
- longissimus capitis (inserts @ mastoid process)

Most medial
- spinalis thoracis
- spinalis cervicis
- spinalis capitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the muscles in the transversospinalis group

A

Posterior to multifidus
- semispinalis thoracis
- semispinalis cervicis
- semispinalis capitis

Multifidus

Anterior to multifidus
- Rotatores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles a part of and where do they attach to?

A
  • common broad tendon at the iliac crest, sacrum, SI ligaments, & lumbar/sacral spinous processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which muscles would be active for flexion of the trunk? (returning from an extended position)

A
  • rectus abdominis
  • psoas major
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which muscles would be active for extension of the trunk? (returning from a flexed position)

A
  • erector spinae group
  • multifidus
  • semispinalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which muscles would be active for side bending of the trunk? (returning from a side bent position)

A
  • abdominal obliques
  • quadratus lumborum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What muscles would be active for rotation of the trunk?

A
  • external oblique (contralateral) & transversospinalis muscles
  • internal oblique (ipsilateral) & erector spinae muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the outside recurrent meningeal nerves innervate?

A
  • anterolateral vertebral bodies & discs
  • periosteum
  • ALL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the inside recurrent meningeal nerves innervate?

A
  • periosteum (mainly posterior vertebral bodies, pedicles, laminae)
  • ligamentum flavum
  • posterior anulus
  • PLL
  • dura mater
  • blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 or L2
- depends on individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a spinal cord segment?

A
  • a portion of the cord that gives rise to a bilateral pair of spinal nerves
  • named from where they arise from
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do nerve roots get out of the vertebral canal after the spinal cord ends?

A
  • exit b/w the vertebrae much lower than the actual spinal cord segment
  • spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris then splits into its own segments known as the cauda equina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain the relationship between a lumbar disc bulge and which spinal nerve root is affected

A
  • compression of the nerve root affects the root below the level of the disc bulge
  • EX: L4 bulging disc but compresses the L5 nerve root
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the nerves in the lumbar plexus

A
  • Subcostal (T12)
  • Iliohypogastric (L1)
  • Ilioinguinal (L1)
  • Genitofemoral (G: L1; F: L2)
  • Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2-L3)
  • Femoral (L2-L4)
  • Obturator (L2-L4)
35
Q

Name the nerves in the sacral plexus

A
  • Sciatic (L4-S3)
  • Superior gluteal (L4-S1)
  • Inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
  • Nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)
  • Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-L5)
  • Nerve to levator ani (S4)
  • Posterior femoral cutaneous (S1-S3)
  • Pudendal (S2-S4)
36
Q

What does the subcostal nerve innervate?

A
  • anterolateral wall
37
Q

What does the iliohypogastric nerve innervate?

A
  • abdominal muscles
  • sensory to skin of iliac crest, upper inguinal, and hypogastric region
38
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

A
  • skin of lower inguinal region
  • skin to adjacent medial thigh
39
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A
  • groin region
  • anterior thigh
40
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A
  • sensation to lateral thigh
41
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  • motor to quads in anterior thigh
42
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A
  • hip adductor muscles
  • pectineus
43
Q

What two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A
  • tibial nerve
  • common fibular nerve
44
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A
  • motor to gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae
45
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A
  • motor to gluteus maximus
46
Q

What does the nerve to piriformis innervate?

A
  • piriformis
47
Q

What does the nerve to obturator internus innervate?

A
  • obturator internus
  • superior gemellus
48
Q

What does the nerve to quadratus femoris innervate?

A
  • quadratus femoris
  • inferior gemellus
49
Q

What does the nerve to levator ani innervate?

A
  • muscles of the levator ani
50
Q

What does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A
  • sensory to uppermost medial and posterior surface of thigh
51
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A
  • sensory to perineal & external genitalia
52
Q

What is Meralgia Paresthetica

A
  • impingement of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve that causes loss of sensation/paresthesia to lateral thigh
53
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the lumbar vertebrae

A

Lumbar arteries -> anterior, posterior, spinal branches

anterior branches -> to vertebral arteries

posterior branches -> vertebral arches

spinal branches->
1) radicular arteries to posterior spinal nerves
2) segmental medullary arteries to anterior roots of spinal nerves

54
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord

A

Superior
vertebral arteries -> anterior & posterior spinal arteries

1) anterior spinal arteries -> sulcal arteries run off this into spinal cord (supplies 2/3rd of the spinal cord)
2) posterior spinal arteries

Lumbosacral
lumbar arteries -> spinal branches -> radicular & segmental medullary arteries

55
Q

What is spondylolisthesis & how does it happen?

A
  • a fracture of the “Pars interarticularis” b/w superior & inferior facets results in the sliding forward of a vertebra onto another one
  • usually because of lordosis
  • these facets allow flexion and extension so it is hard for them to stop this movement from happening
  • can compress spinal cord or cauda equina
56
Q

What are some of the effects of aging on lumbar vertebrae and discs?

A
  • growth stops b/w 18-25yrs old
  • decreased bone density & strength
  • vertebral end plates bow inward
  • osteophytes around vertebral body & zygaphophyseal joints
  • “spondylosis” = disease process of degeneration (normal)
57
Q

Describe the different types of stenosis in the vertebral column

A

Spinal: narrowing of the vertebral column
- “central stenosis”
- spinal cord compression from bony overgrowth, bulging discs, buckling longitudinal ligament

Foraminal: narrowing of intervertebral foramen
- nerve root compression from bony overgrowth, osteophytes, posterolateral disc bulges

58
Q

What is a disc bulge and how does it occur?

A
  • habitual actions cause the disc to protrude outward (usually posteriorly)
  • due to reduced lumbar lordosis & forces nucleus of disc further posterior
  • usually posterior laterally b/c PLL narrows as it descends the spinal cord allowing for posterior disc bulging to occur
  • tearing of anulus cause herniation of nucleus (L4/5 & L5/S1)
59
Q

Describe a laminectomy

A
  • removal of vertebral arches at laminae
  • can be unilateral or bilateral

Reason: to alleviate pressure on neural tissue from tumors, HNP, bony hypertrophy

  • PT is important after surgery to prevent scar tissue from adhering to neural tissue
60
Q

Describe a lumbar fusion

A
  • two or more vertebrae are fused together
  • arthrodesis: bone graft from pelvis or bone bank creates bridge b/w adjacent vertebrae
  • medal rods are used to fixate vertebrae until bone grows
  • no movement at site of fusion (so movement has to come from somewhere else)
61
Q

What is a strain?

A
  • stretching/microscopic tearing of muscle fibers

Cause: overly contracting or forceful stretching (erector spinae group vulnerable)

62
Q

What is a sprain?

A
  • injury to ligament or ligament attachment
  • no dislocation

Cause: excessive contractions or movements

63
Q

What is a spasm?

A
  • sudden involuntary contraction of muscle/group of muscles
  • protective mechanism after an injury/inflammation

EX: cramps, pain, involuntary movement

64
Q

What are the fibroskeletal structures of the spine that would contribute to low back pain if injured?

A
  • periosteum (fracture)
  • ligaments (dislocation)
  • anulus/PLL (Herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
  • localized pain
65
Q

What are the categories of innervated structures of the spine that can contribute to low back pain?

A
  • fibroskeletal
  • meninges
  • synovial joints
  • muscles
  • nervous tissue
66
Q

What causes synovial joint pain in the spine that could contribute to low back pain?

A
  • localized pain
  • aging
  • disease
  • degeneration
67
Q

What causes of muscle pain in the spine that could contribute to low back pain?

A
  • localized pain
  • spasms (from ischemia)
68
Q

What causes nervous tissue pain in the spine that could contribute to low back pain?

A
  • radicular pain ( in a dermatomal distribution)
69
Q

What is spinal bifida?

A
  • neural arches fail to develop normally & fuse posteriorly
70
Q

What is spinal bifida occulta?

A
  • hidden
  • minor form
  • dimple w/ tuft of hair
  • concealed by skin
71
Q

What is spinal bifida cystica?

A
  • severe: one or more vertebral aches fail to develop
  • meningocele = herniation of meninges
  • meningomyelocele = herniation of meninges & spinal cord
  • symptoms: LE paralysis, bowel dysfunction
72
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the L2-3 level?

A
  • some quad function
  • NO lower leg function
73
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the T10-L1 level?

A
  • some hip function
  • NO quads or lower leg function
74
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the T1-9 level?

A
  • paraplegia
  • NO leg function
  • some trunk function lost depending upon thoracic level
75
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the C6-8 level?

A
  • NO hand function
  • some arm function
  • still have shoulder function
76
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the C4-5 level?

A
  • quadriplegia
  • still have partial diaphragm from C3 root
77
Q

What deficits would you see with a spinal cord injury at the C1-3 level?

A
  • no function below head level
  • no diaphragm
  • need ventilator
78
Q

What is an Innominate?

A
  • half of the pelvis
  • the group of bones that make up the pelvic girdle (illium, pubis, ishium)
79
Q

Why is the SI joint so stable?

A
  • there is an auricular surface that has roughed edges that fit together like puzzle pieces
  • along with ligaments that are attached to hold the SI joint together
80
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the pelvis

A

abdominal aorta -> common iliac arteries -> Internal & external iliac arteries
1) internal iliac -> anterior & posterior division
A) anterior division -> obturator, visceral, inferior gluteal arteries
B) posterior division -> iliolumbar, superior gluteal arteries

2) external iliac -> circumflex iliac, inferior epigastric, pubic branch
*exits under inguinal ligament then turns into femoral artery

81
Q

What happens to the SI joint & ligaments during late pregnancy?

A
  • “relaxin” hormone is released & allows ligaments to relax/lengthen

At the SI joint:
-causes lack of interlocking mechanism
-rotation of pelvis
-increased lumbar lordosis
- all can lead to pain and dysfunction

82
Q

What is sciatica and why does it occur?

A
  • usually pain along posterior thigh and leg (tension of nerve worsens symptoms

Causes:
- impingement of sciatic nerve roots at spinal level (bulging discs, foraminal stenosis, spondylosis
- impingement of sciatic nerves elsewhere (piriformis, entrapment along its course through the pelvis/thigh)

83
Q

What are weak areas in the pelvis?

A
  • pubic rami
  • acetabula
  • SI joint region
  • alae of Ilium

Anatomy II Fall 2023 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions