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Anatomy II Fall 2023 > Elbow Region > Flashcards

Elbow Region Flashcards

1
Q

What bones and parts of bones make up the humero-ulnar joint?

A
  • humerus (trochlea)
  • ulna (trochlear notch)
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2
Q

What bones and parts of bones make up the humero-radial joint?

A
  • humerus (capitulum)
  • radius (radial fossa)
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3
Q

What bones and parts of bones make up the radio-ulnar joint?

A
  • radial head
  • radial notch of the ulna
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4
Q

What is “valgus”?

A
  • when the distal angle of the joint moves away from midline
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5
Q

What is “varus”?

A
  • when the distal segment of joint moves toward midline
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6
Q

What is included in the radius?

A
  • head (toward elbow)
  • neck
  • radial tuberosity
  • shaft
  • ulnar notch
  • styloid process
  • dorsal tubercle = Lister’s tubercule
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7
Q

Where is the head of the ulna?

A
  • towards the wrist
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8
Q

What does the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) do?

A
  • Restricts valgus force
  • from medial epicondyle to coronoid & olecranon
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9
Q

What does the Radial/lateral collateral ligament (RCL) do?

A
  • restricts varus force
  • lateral epicondyle to anular ligament
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10
Q

What does the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) do?

A
  • prevents posterior dislocation of radial head
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11
Q

What does the anular ligament do?

A
  • encircles the radial head
  • connects it to the ulna
  • medial head spins during pronation/supination
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12
Q

What is the primary muscle for supination?

A

Primary: Biceps Brachii
Secondary: Supinator

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13
Q

What is the primary action for pronation?

A

Primary: pronator quadratus
Secondary: pronator teres

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14
Q

List the muscles in the anterior portion of the forearm

A

Superficial
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris

Intermediate
- flexor digitorum superficialis

Deep
- flexor digitorum profundus
- flexor pollicis longus
- pronator quadratus

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15
Q

What are the compartments of the posterior functional arm?

A
  • wrist extensors, abductors, adductors
  • digit extensor
  • thumb extensors & abductors
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16
Q

What muscles are in the wrist extensors, abductors, adductors compartment?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)
  • extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
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17
Q

What muscles are in the digit extensor compartment?

A
  • extensor digitorum (ED)
  • extensor indicis (EI)
  • extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
18
Q

What muscles are in the thumb extensors & abductors compartment?

A
  • abductor pollicis longus (APL)
  • extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
  • extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
19
Q

What are the compartments of the posterior anatomical arm?

A
  • superficial
  • deep
20
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior anatomical part of the arm?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)
  • extensor digitorum (ED)
  • extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
  • extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
21
Q

What are the muscles of the deep posterior anatomical part of the arm?

A
  • supinator
  • extensor indicis (EI)
  • abductor pollicis longus (APL)
  • extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
  • extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
22
Q

What muscles when acting together cause wrist flexion?

A
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor carpi radialis
23
Q

What muscles when acting together cause wrist extension?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor indicis
24
Q

What muscles when acting together cause wrist abduction (radial deviation)?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
25
Q

What muscles when acting together cause wrist adduction (ulnar deviation)?

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
26
Q

What are the consequences of a median nerve injury at the elbow?

A
  • flexor digitorum superficialis to digits 2-5 -> no PIP flexion
  • flexor digitorum produndus to digits 2-3 -> no DIP flexion
  • flexor pollicis longus to thumb -> no IP flexion
27
Q

What are the consequences of an anterior interosseous nerve injury?

A
  • will not be able to do the “okay” sign
  • can not flex the distal phalanges
28
Q

What are the consequences of an ulnar nerve injury at the elbow?

A
  • paresthesias down medial palm and 1 1/2 fingers
  • pain radiating down medial forearm
  • motor loss: hand intrinsics, FCU, & ulnar 1/2 of FDP
29
Q

What are consequences of a radial nerve injury at the elbow?

A

Superficial
- sensation to dorsal is minimally lost

Deep
- motor to supinator and extensors is lost/weakened
- no thumb or MCP extension

30
Q

List the major arteries for the elbow/forearm

A

Axillary -> brachial -> Radial & Ulnar arteries

1) Radial -> recurrent branches for anastomosis around elbow -> palmer and dorsal carpal (around wrist)

2) Ulnar -> recurrent branches of anastomosis around elbow -> common interosseous branches into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

31
Q

What are the myotomes for the elbow and forearm?

A
  • flexion: C6
  • Extension: C7
  • Pronation: C7/8
  • supination: C6
32
Q

What does the median nerve supply?

A
  • all anterior muscles (except FCU & 1/2 FDP)
  • AIN supplies deep flexors
  • palmar cutaneous branch supplies central palm
33
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply?

A
  • supplies FCU & 1/2 FDP
  • passes through Tunnel of Guyon
  • Palmar and Dorsal cutaneous branches to skin of hand
34
Q

What does the radial nerve supply?

A

Superficial
- sensation to dorsum hand (crosses snuffbox which makes it vulnerable)

Deep
- motor to supinator, posterior compartment muscles distal to lateral epicondyle

35
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A
  • transverse fracture of the distal radius
  • from FOOSH
  • women in 50+, osteoporosis
  • “dinner fork” deformity
36
Q

What are some concurrent injuries associated with elbow dislocation?

A
  • Fractures: radial head, coronoid process, olecranon
  • UCL tear
  • ulnar nerve injury
37
Q

Define nursemaid’s elbow

A
  • radial head slips out inferiorly of anular ligament (could tear)
  • CAUSE: sudden jerk of forearm in pronated position
38
Q

Define Tennis Elbow

A
  • lateral epicondylitis
  • CAUSE: repetitive gripping or flexion/extension of wrist
  • symptoms: TTP lateral epicondyle, pain local or radiating, pain w/ gripping
39
Q

Define students elbow

A

olecranon bursitis
- subcutaneous bursa
- direct blows, infections, repeated pressure & friction

40
Q

What is Pronator Syndrome?

A
  • entrapment of Median nerve as if passes through 2 head of pronator teres
  • CAUSE: Trauma, muscular hypertrophy, fibrous bands
  • symptoms: decreased sensation palmar skin digits 1-3 & radial 1/2 of 4th digit; weakened pronation against resistance

Anatomy II Fall 2023 (11 decks)

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