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Anatomy II Fall 2023 > Ankle and Foot Region > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Region Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 tarsal bones

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
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2
Q

What are some unique features of the talus?

A
  • no tendon or muscle attachments
  • fits inside mortise (formed by medial and lateral malleoli)
  • transfers weight from tibia to calcaneus & forefoot
  • has a trochlea with articular cartilage
  • wider anteriorly
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3
Q

What are some unique features of the calcaneus?

A
  • largest and strongest
  • the heel bone
  • transfers weight from talus to ground
  • Sustentaculum Tali (creates a groove for FHL)
  • Calcaneal tuberosity (achilles tendon attaches)
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4
Q

What are some unique features of the navicular?

A
  • b/w talus and cuneiforms
  • navicular tuberosity (has a tendon attachment)
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5
Q

What are some unique features of the cuboid?

A
  • cube shaped
  • most lateral bone
  • b/w calcaneus & metatarsals
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6
Q

What are some unique features of the cuneiforms?

A
  • 3 of them (medial, intermediate, lateral)
  • b/w navicular & metatarsals
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7
Q

Where is the medial cuneiform located?

A
  • in line with the great toe behind first metatarsal
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8
Q

Which bones make up the hindfoot region of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
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9
Q

Which bones make up the midfoot region of the foot?

A
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • cuboid
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10
Q

Which bones make up the forefoot region of the foot?

A
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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11
Q

What tendon do the 2 medial sesamoid foots live in?

A
  • Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon runs between the two
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12
Q

Which muscles perform dorsiflexion?

A

Primary:
- Tibialis anterior

Contributing:
- EHL
- EDL
- Fibularis Tertius

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13
Q

Which muscles perform plantarflexion?

A

Primary:
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus

Contributing:
- Fibularis longus
- Tibialis Posterior
- FDL
- FHL

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14
Q

Which muscles perform inversion?

A

Primary:
- Tibialis Posterior

Contributing:
- Tibialis anterior
- FDL
-FHL

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15
Q

Which muscles perform eversion?

A

Primary:
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis Brevis

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16
Q

Describe the longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Runs along the foot
- posterior to anterior

Medial is higher than lateral and is more important

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17
Q

Which bones are involved in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • medial 3 metatarsals
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18
Q

Which bones are involved in the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • cuboid
  • lateral 2 metatarsals
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19
Q

Describe the transverse arch of the foot

A
  • runs across the foot
  • medial to lateral
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20
Q

Which bones are involved in the transverse arch of the foot?

A
  • cuboid
  • cuneiforms
  • bases of metatarsals
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21
Q

List the passive supports for the arches of the foot

A
  • bone shapes
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • plantar ligaments (spring, long, & short)
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22
Q

List the dynamic supports for the arches of the foot

A

Intrinsic foot muscles

Extrinsic tendons
- FHL
- FDL
- FIb. longus
- Tib. posterior

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23
Q

What happens to the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?

A
  • the talus tries to separate the syndesmosis of the tibia and fibula
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24
Q

Why does the talus try to separate the tibiofibular syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?

A
  • the talus is wider anteriorly than it is posteriorly
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25
What ligaments help to resist separation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?
- Interosseous tibiofibular ligaments - Ant. & Post. tibiofibular ligaments
26
What bones are involved in Talocrural joint?
- both malleoli (medial & lateral) of tibia & fibula - Talus
27
What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?
- Talus - Calcaneus
28
What motions does the subtalar joint do?
- Inversion & Eversion
29
What bones are involved in the transverse tarsal joint?
- Talonavicular joint (talus & navicular) - Calcaneocuboid joint (calcaneus & cuboid)
30
What bones are involved in the tarsometatarsal joint?
- Cuneiforms - Cuboid - metatarsals
31
What bones are involved in the metatarsophalangeal joint?
- metatarsals - phalanges
32
What bones are involved in the proximal interphalangeal joint?
- proximal phalanx - middle phalanx
33
What bones are involved in the distal interphalangeal joint?
- middle phalanx - distal phalanx
34
What bones are connected to the anterior tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - Tibia - Fibula Resist: - mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion
35
What bones are connected to the Interosseous Tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - Tibia - Fibula Resist: - mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion
36
What bones are connected to the posterior tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - Tibia - Fibula Resist: - mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion
37
What bones are connected to the anterior talofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - talus to fibula Resist: - plantarflexion - Inversion
38
What bones are connected to the calcaneofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - calcaneus to fibula Resist: - Inversion of talocrural joint
39
What bones are connected to the posterior talofibular ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - talus to fibula Resist: - posterior displacement of the talus
40
What bones are connected to the deltoid ligament and what do they do?
Bones: - tibia - navicular - calcaneus - talus Function: - help reinforce the ankle joint
41
What ligaments make up the deltoid ligaments?
- Tibionavicular - Tibiocalcaneal - Tibiotalar
42
What bones are connected to the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - calcaneus to navicular Resist: - holds up longitudinal arch of the foot
43
What bones are connected to the Long plantar ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - calcaneus to cuboid & metatarsals Resist: - helps maintain longitudinal arch
44
What bones are connected to the short plantar ligament and what do they resist?
Bones: - calcaneus to cuboid Resist: - helps maintain longitudinal arch
45
Name the fascial compartments in the sole of the foot
- medial - central - lateral - interosseous - dorsal
46
What is included in the medial compartment of the foot?
- adductor hallucis - FHB - FHL (tendon) - Medial plantar nerve/vessels
47
What is included in the central compartment of the foot?
- FDB - FHL tendon - Flexor digitorum longus tendon - Quadratus plantae - adductor hallucis - lumbricals - lateral plantar nerve/vessels
48
What is included in the lateral compartment of the foot?
- abductor digiti minimi - flexor digiti minimi brevis
49
What is included in the interosseous compartment of the foot?
- metatarsals - dorsal/plantar interosseous muscles - deep plantar/metatarsal vessels
50
What is included in the dorsal compartment of the foot?
- EHB - EDB - neurovascular structures of dorsal foot
51
Name the plantar muscles in the first layer
Medial plantar nerve - abductor hallucis - flexor digitorum Brevis Lateral plantar nerve - abductor digiti minimi
52
Name the plantar muscles in the second layer
Medial plantar nerve - medial lumbrical Lateral plantar nerve - lateral 3 lumbricals - quadratus plantae
53
Name the plantar muscles in the third layer
Medial plantar nerve - Flexor Hallucis Brevis Lateral plantar nerve - Adductor hallucis (deep nerve) - Flexor digiti minimi brevis (superficial nerve)
54
Name the plantar muscles in the fourth layer
Lateral plantar nerve - Plantar Interossei (3 - PAD) - Dorsal Interossei (4 - DAB)
55
Name the dorsal intrinsic muscles
Deep fibular nerve - Extensor Digitorum Brevis - Extensor Hallucis Brevis
56
Describe the fascial compartments in the sole of the foot
- central part is stronger than medial and lateral parts - contains a plantar aponeurosis that splits into 5 bands that are continuous distally w/ the fibrous digital sheaths
57
Describe the arterial blood flow through the foot
Tibial artery -> Ant. & Post. tibial artery 1) Anterior tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis & arcuate artery A) dorsalis pedis -> 1st dorsal metatarsal artery & deep plantar artery (goes to deep plantar arch) & lateral tarsal branch B) Arcuate artery -> dorsal metatarsal arteries -> dorsal digital arteries 2) Posterior Tibial artery -> medial & lateral plantar arteries A) medial plantar artery -> deep & superficial branches B) lateral plantar arteries -> deep plantar arch -> plantar metatarsal arteries - plantar digital arteries
58
List the 8 periods of the Gait Cycle in sequential order
Stance phase: - Initial contact - Loading phase - Midstance - Terminal stance - Pre swing Swing Phase: - Initial swing - Midswing - terminal swing
59
What is Os Trigonum?
- secondary ossification center fails to unite during development - bone forms on back side of talus Causes: - excessive or forceful plantarflexion in early teen years - non union fracture common in ballet and soccer players
60
Describe Hallux Valgus
- comes w/ shoes with pointed toe box and arthritis @ MTP joint Signs: - hallux points laterally - 1st metatarsal shifts medially - sesamoids shift laterally - medial longitudinal arch flattens - 1st toe may overlap 2nd - bunion forms
61
Describe Hammer Toe
- MTP is hyperextended - PIP flexed - DIP hyperextended - usually second toe -weak lumbricals/interosseous muscles
62
Describe Claw toes
- MTP is hyperextended - PIP & DIP flexed - usually lateral 4 toes - callosities & corns on dorsal toes &/or plantar metatarsal heads & toe tips
63
Describe Pes Planus
Flat Feet - spring ligament can't hold up talar head Types: - Flexible: flat in WB, arch present in NWB (no passive support) - Rigid: flat in WB & NWB - Acquired: "fallen arches"; Tibialis post. dysfunction (no dynamic support)
64
What is the mechanism of injury for an ATFL ankle sprain?
most common - almost always inversion injuries - resists inversion
65
What is the mechanism of injury for a deltoid ankle sprain?
rarely injured - eversion
66
What is the mechanism of injury for a trimalleolar fracture ankle sprain?
Pott fracture-dislocation - eversion - deltoid sprained & tears off medial malleolus - talus breaks lateral malleolus OR fibula superior to syndesmosis - tibia moves anterior shearing off its posterior distal end on talus
67
What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?
- flexor retinaculum - tibial nerve can be compressed/entrapped Cause: - tibial nerve compressed/entrapped by edema or tight synovial sheaths of inverter tendons Symptoms: - heel pain - plantar foot paresthesia - motor loss to plantar foot muscles
68
Describe the pathology of a calcaneal tendon rupture
Causes: - poor conditioning - history of calcaneal tendinitis - forceful push-off Symptoms: - audible snap - calf pain, lump in calf - palpable gap proximal to attachment - inability to plantarflex against resistance - excessive dorsiflexion
69
Describe the pathology of plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia Causes: - biomechanical errors - overuse - improper footwear Symptoms: - pain plantar foot/heel - TTP medial calcaneus - worse first thing in the morning and gets better once moving around - worse w/ passive toes extended & dorsiflexed Spurs could also develop

Anatomy II Fall 2023 (11 decks)

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