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Anatomy II Fall 2023 > Ankle and Foot Region > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Region Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 tarsal bones

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
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2
Q

What are some unique features of the talus?

A
  • no tendon or muscle attachments
  • fits inside mortise (formed by medial and lateral malleoli)
  • transfers weight from tibia to calcaneus & forefoot
  • has a trochlea with articular cartilage
  • wider anteriorly
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3
Q

What are some unique features of the calcaneus?

A
  • largest and strongest
  • the heel bone
  • transfers weight from talus to ground
  • Sustentaculum Tali (creates a groove for FHL)
  • Calcaneal tuberosity (achilles tendon attaches)
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4
Q

What are some unique features of the navicular?

A
  • b/w talus and cuneiforms
  • navicular tuberosity (has a tendon attachment)
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5
Q

What are some unique features of the cuboid?

A
  • cube shaped
  • most lateral bone
  • b/w calcaneus & metatarsals
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6
Q

What are some unique features of the cuneiforms?

A
  • 3 of them (medial, intermediate, lateral)
  • b/w navicular & metatarsals
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7
Q

Where is the medial cuneiform located?

A
  • in line with the great toe behind first metatarsal
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8
Q

Which bones make up the hindfoot region of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
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9
Q

Which bones make up the midfoot region of the foot?

A
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • cuboid
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10
Q

Which bones make up the forefoot region of the foot?

A
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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11
Q

What tendon do the 2 medial sesamoid foots live in?

A
  • Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus tendon runs between the two
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12
Q

Which muscles perform dorsiflexion?

A

Primary:
- Tibialis anterior

Contributing:
- EHL
- EDL
- Fibularis Tertius

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13
Q

Which muscles perform plantarflexion?

A

Primary:
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus

Contributing:
- Fibularis longus
- Tibialis Posterior
- FDL
- FHL

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14
Q

Which muscles perform inversion?

A

Primary:
- Tibialis Posterior

Contributing:
- Tibialis anterior
- FDL
-FHL

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15
Q

Which muscles perform eversion?

A

Primary:
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis Brevis

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16
Q

Describe the longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Runs along the foot
- posterior to anterior

Medial is higher than lateral and is more important

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17
Q

Which bones are involved in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • medial 3 metatarsals
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18
Q

Which bones are involved in the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • calcaneus
  • cuboid
  • lateral 2 metatarsals
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19
Q

Describe the transverse arch of the foot

A
  • runs across the foot
  • medial to lateral
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20
Q

Which bones are involved in the transverse arch of the foot?

A
  • cuboid
  • cuneiforms
  • bases of metatarsals
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21
Q

List the passive supports for the arches of the foot

A
  • bone shapes
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • plantar ligaments (spring, long, & short)
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22
Q

List the dynamic supports for the arches of the foot

A

Intrinsic foot muscles

Extrinsic tendons
- FHL
- FDL
- FIb. longus
- Tib. posterior

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23
Q

What happens to the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?

A
  • the talus tries to separate the syndesmosis of the tibia and fibula
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24
Q

Why does the talus try to separate the tibiofibular syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?

A
  • the talus is wider anteriorly than it is posteriorly
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25
Q

What ligaments help to resist separation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion?

A
  • Interosseous tibiofibular ligaments
  • Ant. & Post. tibiofibular ligaments
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26
Q

What bones are involved in Talocrural joint?

A
  • both malleoli (medial & lateral) of tibia & fibula
  • Talus
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27
Q

What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
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28
Q

What motions does the subtalar joint do?

A
  • Inversion & Eversion
29
Q

What bones are involved in the transverse tarsal joint?

A
  • Talonavicular joint (talus & navicular)
  • Calcaneocuboid joint (calcaneus & cuboid)
30
Q

What bones are involved in the tarsometatarsal joint?

A
  • Cuneiforms
  • Cuboid
  • metatarsals
31
Q

What bones are involved in the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
32
Q

What bones are involved in the proximal interphalangeal joint?

A
  • proximal phalanx
  • middle phalanx
33
Q

What bones are involved in the distal interphalangeal joint?

A
  • middle phalanx
  • distal phalanx
34
Q

What bones are connected to the anterior tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- Tibia
- Fibula

Resist:
- mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion

35
Q

What bones are connected to the Interosseous Tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- Tibia
- Fibula

Resist:
- mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion

36
Q

What bones are connected to the posterior tibiofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- Tibia
- Fibula

Resist:
- mortise from being spilt apart during dorsiflexion

37
Q

What bones are connected to the anterior talofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- talus to fibula

Resist:
- plantarflexion
- Inversion

38
Q

What bones are connected to the calcaneofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- calcaneus to fibula

Resist:
- Inversion of talocrural joint

39
Q

What bones are connected to the posterior talofibular ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- talus to fibula

Resist:
- posterior displacement of the talus

40
Q

What bones are connected to the deltoid ligament and what do they do?

A

Bones:
- tibia
- navicular
- calcaneus
- talus

Function:
- help reinforce the ankle joint

41
Q

What ligaments make up the deltoid ligaments?

A
  • Tibionavicular
  • Tibiocalcaneal
  • Tibiotalar
42
Q

What bones are connected to the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- calcaneus to navicular

Resist:
- holds up longitudinal arch of the foot

43
Q

What bones are connected to the Long plantar ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- calcaneus to cuboid & metatarsals

Resist:
- helps maintain longitudinal arch

44
Q

What bones are connected to the short plantar ligament and what do they resist?

A

Bones:
- calcaneus to cuboid

Resist:
- helps maintain longitudinal arch

45
Q

Name the fascial compartments in the sole of the foot

A
  • medial
  • central
  • lateral
  • interosseous
  • dorsal
46
Q

What is included in the medial compartment of the foot?

A
  • adductor hallucis
  • FHB
  • FHL (tendon)
  • Medial plantar nerve/vessels
47
Q

What is included in the central compartment of the foot?

A
  • FDB
  • FHL tendon
  • Flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • Quadratus plantae
  • adductor hallucis
  • lumbricals
  • lateral plantar nerve/vessels
48
Q

What is included in the lateral compartment of the foot?

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
49
Q

What is included in the interosseous compartment of the foot?

A
  • metatarsals
  • dorsal/plantar interosseous muscles
  • deep plantar/metatarsal vessels
50
Q

What is included in the dorsal compartment of the foot?

A
  • EHB
  • EDB
  • neurovascular structures of dorsal foot
51
Q

Name the plantar muscles in the first layer

A

Medial plantar nerve
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum Brevis

Lateral plantar nerve
- abductor digiti minimi

52
Q

Name the plantar muscles in the second layer

A

Medial plantar nerve
- medial lumbrical

Lateral plantar nerve
- lateral 3 lumbricals
- quadratus plantae

53
Q

Name the plantar muscles in the third layer

A

Medial plantar nerve
- Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Lateral plantar nerve
- Adductor hallucis (deep nerve)
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis (superficial nerve)

54
Q

Name the plantar muscles in the fourth layer

A

Lateral plantar nerve
- Plantar Interossei (3 - PAD)
- Dorsal Interossei (4 - DAB)

55
Q

Name the dorsal intrinsic muscles

A

Deep fibular nerve
- Extensor Digitorum Brevis
- Extensor Hallucis Brevis

56
Q

Describe the fascial compartments in the sole of the foot

A
  • central part is stronger than medial and lateral parts
  • contains a plantar aponeurosis that splits into 5 bands that are continuous distally w/ the fibrous digital sheaths
57
Q

Describe the arterial blood flow through the foot

A

Tibial artery -> Ant. & Post. tibial artery

1) Anterior tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis & arcuate artery

A) dorsalis pedis -> 1st dorsal metatarsal artery & deep plantar artery (goes to deep plantar arch) & lateral tarsal branch

B) Arcuate artery -> dorsal metatarsal arteries -> dorsal digital arteries

2) Posterior Tibial artery -> medial & lateral plantar arteries

A) medial plantar artery -> deep & superficial branches

B) lateral plantar arteries -> deep plantar arch -> plantar metatarsal arteries - plantar digital arteries

58
Q

List the 8 periods of the Gait Cycle in sequential order

A

Stance phase:
- Initial contact
- Loading phase
- Midstance
- Terminal stance
- Pre swing

Swing Phase:
- Initial swing
- Midswing
- terminal swing

59
Q

What is Os Trigonum?

A
  • secondary ossification center fails to unite during development
  • bone forms on back side of talus

Causes:
- excessive or forceful plantarflexion in early teen years
- non union fracture

common in ballet and soccer players

60
Q

Describe Hallux Valgus

A
  • comes w/ shoes with pointed toe box and arthritis @ MTP joint

Signs:
- hallux points laterally
- 1st metatarsal shifts medially
- sesamoids shift laterally
- medial longitudinal arch flattens
- 1st toe may overlap 2nd
- bunion forms

61
Q

Describe Hammer Toe

A
  • MTP is hyperextended
  • PIP flexed
  • DIP hyperextended
  • usually second toe
    -weak lumbricals/interosseous muscles
62
Q

Describe Claw toes

A
  • MTP is hyperextended
  • PIP & DIP flexed
  • usually lateral 4 toes
  • callosities & corns on dorsal toes &/or plantar metatarsal heads & toe tips
63
Q

Describe Pes Planus

A

Flat Feet
- spring ligament can’t hold up talar head

Types:
- Flexible: flat in WB, arch present in NWB (no passive support)
- Rigid: flat in WB & NWB
- Acquired: “fallen arches”; Tibialis post. dysfunction (no dynamic support)

64
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for an ATFL ankle sprain?

A

most common
- almost always inversion injuries
- resists inversion

65
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for a deltoid ankle sprain?

A

rarely injured
- eversion

66
Q

What is the mechanism of injury for a trimalleolar fracture ankle sprain?

A

Pott fracture-dislocation
- eversion
- deltoid sprained & tears off medial malleolus
- talus breaks lateral malleolus OR fibula superior to syndesmosis
- tibia moves anterior shearing off its posterior distal end on talus

67
Q

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • flexor retinaculum
  • tibial nerve can be compressed/entrapped

Cause:
- tibial nerve compressed/entrapped by edema or tight synovial sheaths of inverter tendons

Symptoms:
- heel pain
- plantar foot paresthesia
- motor loss to plantar foot muscles

68
Q

Describe the pathology of a calcaneal tendon rupture

A

Causes:
- poor conditioning
- history of calcaneal tendinitis
- forceful push-off

Symptoms:
- audible snap
- calf pain, lump in calf
- palpable gap proximal to attachment
- inability to plantarflex against resistance
- excessive dorsiflexion

69
Q

Describe the pathology of plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation of the plantar fascia

Causes:
- biomechanical errors
- overuse
- improper footwear

Symptoms:
- pain plantar foot/heel
- TTP medial calcaneus
- worse first thing in the morning and gets better once moving around
- worse w/ passive toes extended & dorsiflexed

Spurs could also develop

Anatomy II Fall 2023 (11 decks)

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