Lumbar Spine

Question 1

Which segments of the spine are more prone to variation in morphology

Answer 1

L1 and L5

Question 2

What parts of the vertebra may be used to distinguish L1-L4 from L5

Answer 2

vertebral body, pedicle, articular process, transverse process, spinous process

Question 3

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view

Answer 3

reniform or kidney shaped

Question 4

What would be the direction of the lumbar curve based on osseous features

Answer 4

anterior lordotic

Question 5

what accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve

Answer 5

the vertebral body height and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

Question 6

What is the effect of agin on the vertebral body of the lumbar spine

Answer 6

decrease in height, increase in circumference

Question 7

how many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body

Answer 7

4

Question 8

how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar

Answer 8

6

Question 9

how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar vertebral body

Answer 9

none

Question 10

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body

Answer 10

two

Question 11

What muscles attach to the first lumbar vertebral body

Answer 11

psoas major and psoas minor

Question 12

What muscles may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body

Answer 12

psoas major

Question 13

Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments

Answer 13

T12, L1

Question 14

What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process

Answer 14

transforaminal ligaments

Question 15

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process

Answer 15

corporotransverse ligaments

Question 16

what corporotransverse ligaments are identified

Answer 16

superior corporotransverse and inferior corporotransverse ligaments

Question 17

What are the types of hofmann ligaments

Answer 17

hofmann ligaments, posterior hofmann ligaments, lateral hofmann ligaments, and proximal hofmann ligaments

Question 18

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column

Answer 18

cervical-upper thoracics region and lumbar region

Question 19

cervical - upper thoracic hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together

Answer 19

dura mater to segments above

Question 20

What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments

Answer 20

C6

Question 21

What is the proposed function of the cervical-upper thoracic hofmann ligaments

Answer 21

resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

Question 22

lumbar hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together

Answer 22

dura mater to lower segmental levels

Question 23

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments

Answer 23

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

Question 24

What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament

Answer 24

resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen

Question 25

What is the orientation of the pedicle of a typical lumbar vertebrae

Answer 25

posterior

Question 26

the pedicle attaches at what location on vertebral body of a typical lumbar

Answer 26

to the upper third or half of the vertebral body

Question 27

What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical lumbar

Answer 27

ligamentum flavum

Question 28

what joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum attachment

Answer 28

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

Question 29

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region

Answer 29

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; | overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

Question 30

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical lumbar vertebra

Answer 30

triangular

Question 31

Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical lumbars

Answer 31

transverse

Question 32

how does the size of the vertebral foramen differ along the spine

Answer 32

cervicals have the greatest size lumbars next thoracics are the smallest

Question 33

What part of the central nervous system is present in the lumbar spine

Answer 33

the conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1

Question 34

What part of the peripheral nerve system is present in the lumbar spine

Answer 34

the cauda equina is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4

Question 35

Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process

Answer 35

each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3

Question 36

what is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process

Answer 36

accessory process

Question 37

a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition

Answer 37

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

Question 38

What ligaments will attach to the lumbar accessory process

Answer 38

mammilo-accessory ligament

Question 39

What parts of the vertebrae are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament

Answer 39

the mammillary process and the accessory process of the same segment

Question 40

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament

Answer 40

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

Question 41

What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process

Answer 41

longissimus thoracis, and intertransversarii

Question 42

what muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra

Answer 42

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis | rotator brevis, rotator longus, and intertransversarii

Question 43

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra

Answer 43

the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments

Question 44

what joint classifications are present at the transverse process of a typical lumbar

Answer 44

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

Question 45

What are the posterior elements of the vertebrae

Answer 45

zygapophysis, lamina and spinous process

Question 46

what are the anterior elements of the vertebrae

Answer 46

vertebral body and pedicle

Question 47

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet

Answer 47

BUM backward upward and medial

Question 48

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet

Answer 48

FoLD forward lateral and down

Question 49

what muscles will attach to the mammillary process

Answer 49

multifidis and intertransversarii

Question 50

what ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process

Answer 50

mammillo-accessory ligament

Question 51

what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament

Answer 51

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

Question 52

What additional ligaments are said to attach to lumbar articular processes

Answer 52

transforaminal ligaments

Question 53

What is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis

Answer 53

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 54

how many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra

Answer 54

four

Question 55

what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children

Answer 55

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

Question 56

what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults

Answer 56

the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4 the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1

Question 57

What name is given to zygapophyses between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane

Answer 57

joint symmetry

Question 58

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or postition and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position

Answer 58

joint asymmetry or joint torpism

Question 59

define or describe joint tropism

Answer 59

the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position

Question 60

what is the name of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process

Answer 60

Basstrups syndrome or kissing spines

Question 61

what muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process

Answer 61

latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis