LS7 State esponses Flashcards
name the two main types of state response
militaristic
conciliatory
state responses can be described as a __________
continuum
give 3 examples of the determinants (from the group) of state responses
- terrorist group deemed to be rational or political
- greivance vs greed
- level of popular support
give 3 examples of determinents from the state of state responses
- political will
- state capacity
- state corruption
- balance of power between politicians and military
define military response
the use of state force to quash the violent group using military or police
can include fortification or relocation of citizens
what is scorched earth policy?
indiscriminate violent response which seeks to completely destroy the rebel group with disregard for civilian life or infrastructure
give 2 examples of repressive political measures emplyoed by states
- denial of citizenship
- ignoring of cultural traditions
- disregard for ethnicities
what is a repressive political measure?
a political tactic to supress the rebel groups by marginalising them and stripping them of rights
what measure is used to remove leaders of rebel groups?
decapitation
how does decapitation work?
- draw out key leaders for killing or detainment
- bribing of group members to pull apart
- insertion of intelligence forces to steer group in different direction
what is a conciliary response?
a pathway which enables rebel groups to become less violent and recognition of legitmacy within political sphere
minimum concilliatory response?
recognition of group
recgonition of cultural or ethnic identity
give 3 examples of power divions under the conciliatory response
- federalism
- devolution
- geopolitical division
- independence
- territorial representation
define federalism in the conciliatory response
constitutional garantee of power for lower tiers of government
define decentralisation or devolution in the conciliatory response
creation of lower or devolved insitutions of govenrment capable of making laws
define geopolitical division in the conciliatory response
regional governments which cannot be compromised by central government
define independence in the conciliatory response
gain of authority from local area rather than from central government
define direct governance in the conciliatory response
limited powers of self-determination on specific/regional issues
define territorial representation in the conciliatory response
formal mechanism of feedback to central government legslature form the regional level
how many terorist groups last less than a year
90%
how long on average do insurgencies last for
14 years
how often do insurgencies end through negotiated settlement?
50%
how often do insurgencies end through military responses
19%
how often do insurgencies win?
25%
3 factors which predict the short lifespan of an insurgency
- hierarchical structure (as opposed to cellular)
- lower funds, lesser pool from which to recruit
- political or economic background
3 factors which predict a long lifespan of an insurgency
- cellular structure
- high funds, greater resources and more recruits
- ethno-nationalist group
why might ethno-nationalist groups last longer than other insurgencies
fraternal deprivation
give 3 politcally charged reasons that groups end
- leader captured or killed
- forcefully eliminated
- loss of popular support
- failure to transition to next generation
- achievement of aims
- group splintering
how does loss of support lead to the end of a group?
- funding issues
- recruitment failure
- territory/santuary decline
- operations disrupted
- groups have repulsed population
how does generational shift (failure) lead to the end of a group?
- differing views
- aged out, older people struggle to keep up with pace or change interests
- burn out, especially left wing groups
- splintering
name the most common political tactic used by states to counter rebel groups
repression
how does decapitation seek to end armed groups (3)
- reduce command and communication
- create power vacuums
- create divisions and splinters
under what conditions is decapitation most successful
in terrorist organisations where there is little chance of succession and the leader has created a cult of personality, often in early stages of groups
what tactic of decapitation is most effective
capture (rather than killing) of leaders so as not to create martyrs
why do political groups sometimes topple due to decapitiation?
they need a charismatic leader to artculate vision and attract membership
what is likely to happen if decaptitation were used on economic groups
splintering into smaller groups
what would be the most effective form of decapitation for economically motivated groups
taking out the middle men to avoid splintering and disrupt complex communication networks, alongside reform of institutions to avoid corruption
give 5 examples of non-military responses
- travel bans for leaders
- freezing of assets
- blacklisting
- naming on most wanted lists
- prosecution for war crimes
- economic sanctions against state sponsors
- conciliatory response
- war of ideas
- convincing individual cooperation with authorities
- inclusive approaches
explain why a travel ban for leaders might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups
this is more effective than expulsion as they may form associations with other rebel groups while in other nations so it is effective to stop this
explain why freezing of assets might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups
stops the groups from gaining funds from liquid assets and therefore restricts their scope
explain why blacklisting might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups
means that businesses and individuals will not be able to do business with them
explain why prosecution for war crimes might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups
these leaders will be legally incarcerated and removed from leadership which is an effective decapitation strategy
name the 4 main types of inclusive approaches
- mediation
- co-optation
- amnesty
- outreach
define mediation as an inclusive approach
negotiations between states and rebel groups using external actors as mediators
when is mediation most successful?
on insurgencies, when the group becomes less violent or wants to move away from violent tactics
define co-optation as an inclusive approach
integration into non-violent political spheres and administration, members are socialised to accept new norms
define amnesty as an inclusive approach
a part of co-optation, an incentive to stop violence
define outreach as an inclusive approach
reaching out to and providing support to vulnerable communities who may be suscetible to aremd groups
how might the distinction between acts and actors of terror make negotiations easier
when we separate the act from the actor this makes terrorism a tactic of war which allows a more accurate perspective on the significance
‘terrorism may be seen as a tactic of ______ _______ that _________ violates these two rules of war’; ________, ________
severe coercion
deliberately
non-combatants, indiscriminate
what is the war model
a way of looking at terror and its actors as war
what can the war model lead to (2)
- justification of repressive military responses
- mislabelling of terrorism in terms of unlimited wars
what is unlimited war
wars which seek the total destruction of the adversary by any means
what is limited war
war for limited goals
why are terrorist groups often mislabelled as unlimited war brochers
rhetoric surrounding terrorism and the public discources
what idea undermines the war model in rebel groups
the idea that completely gratuitous violence would defeat their own goals and lose them support
how does the acceptance of limited war allow the end of terrorist acts
the actors accept that conflict will only end through political process
actors require and give mutual recognition to opposition in entering negotiations
thye then depend on mutual agreement for enforcement of said agreements so neither side seeks to destroy one another anymore
give the two main rationales of the rational actor model
- will not resort to terror if costs are too high
- reduction of costs through any form of reward for terrorism will result in more terror attacks
what is the main flaw of the rational actor model
assumes perfect informational symmetry for all actors to assess the costs/benefit of acts
what conditions are required for deterent to be successsful under the rational actor model (3)
- significant severity of threat
- good crediility of threat
- (occassionaly the deterent must fail so as to provide evidence of the level of threat)
