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Rebels and Revolutionaries Exam 2019 > LS7 State esponses > Flashcards

LS7 State esponses Flashcards

1
Q

name the two main types of state response

A

militaristic

conciliatory

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2
Q

state responses can be described as a __________

A

continuum

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3
Q

give 3 examples of the determinants (from the group) of state responses

A
  • terrorist group deemed to be rational or political
  • greivance vs greed
  • level of popular support
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4
Q

give 3 examples of determinents from the state of state responses

A
  • political will
  • state capacity
  • state corruption
  • balance of power between politicians and military
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5
Q

define military response

A

the use of state force to quash the violent group using military or police
can include fortification or relocation of citizens

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6
Q

what is scorched earth policy?

A

indiscriminate violent response which seeks to completely destroy the rebel group with disregard for civilian life or infrastructure

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7
Q

give 2 examples of repressive political measures emplyoed by states

A
  • denial of citizenship
  • ignoring of cultural traditions
  • disregard for ethnicities
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8
Q

what is a repressive political measure?

A

a political tactic to supress the rebel groups by marginalising them and stripping them of rights

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9
Q

what measure is used to remove leaders of rebel groups?

A

decapitation

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10
Q

how does decapitation work?

A
  • draw out key leaders for killing or detainment
  • bribing of group members to pull apart
  • insertion of intelligence forces to steer group in different direction
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11
Q

what is a conciliary response?

A

a pathway which enables rebel groups to become less violent and recognition of legitmacy within political sphere

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12
Q

minimum concilliatory response?

A

recognition of group

recgonition of cultural or ethnic identity

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13
Q

give 3 examples of power divions under the conciliatory response

A
  • federalism
  • devolution
  • geopolitical division
  • independence
  • territorial representation
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14
Q

define federalism in the conciliatory response

A

constitutional garantee of power for lower tiers of government

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15
Q

define decentralisation or devolution in the conciliatory response

A

creation of lower or devolved insitutions of govenrment capable of making laws

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16
Q

define geopolitical division in the conciliatory response

A

regional governments which cannot be compromised by central government

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17
Q

define independence in the conciliatory response

A

gain of authority from local area rather than from central government

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18
Q

define direct governance in the conciliatory response

A

limited powers of self-determination on specific/regional issues

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19
Q

define territorial representation in the conciliatory response

A

formal mechanism of feedback to central government legslature form the regional level

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20
Q

how many terorist groups last less than a year

A

90%

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21
Q

how long on average do insurgencies last for

A

14 years

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22
Q

how often do insurgencies end through negotiated settlement?

A

50%

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23
Q

how often do insurgencies end through military responses

A

19%

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24
Q

how often do insurgencies win?

A

25%

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25
Q

3 factors which predict the short lifespan of an insurgency

A
  • hierarchical structure (as opposed to cellular)
  • lower funds, lesser pool from which to recruit
  • political or economic background
26
Q

3 factors which predict a long lifespan of an insurgency

A
  • cellular structure
  • high funds, greater resources and more recruits
  • ethno-nationalist group
27
Q

why might ethno-nationalist groups last longer than other insurgencies

A

fraternal deprivation

28
Q

give 3 politcally charged reasons that groups end

A
  • leader captured or killed
  • forcefully eliminated
  • loss of popular support
  • failure to transition to next generation
  • achievement of aims
  • group splintering
29
Q

how does loss of support lead to the end of a group?

A
  • funding issues
  • recruitment failure
  • territory/santuary decline
  • operations disrupted
  • groups have repulsed population
30
Q

how does generational shift (failure) lead to the end of a group?

A
  • differing views
  • aged out, older people struggle to keep up with pace or change interests
  • burn out, especially left wing groups
  • splintering
31
Q

name the most common political tactic used by states to counter rebel groups

A

repression

32
Q

how does decapitation seek to end armed groups (3)

A
  • reduce command and communication
  • create power vacuums
  • create divisions and splinters
33
Q

under what conditions is decapitation most successful

A

in terrorist organisations where there is little chance of succession and the leader has created a cult of personality, often in early stages of groups

34
Q

what tactic of decapitation is most effective

A

capture (rather than killing) of leaders so as not to create martyrs

35
Q

why do political groups sometimes topple due to decapitiation?

A

they need a charismatic leader to artculate vision and attract membership

36
Q

what is likely to happen if decaptitation were used on economic groups

A

splintering into smaller groups

37
Q

what would be the most effective form of decapitation for economically motivated groups

A

taking out the middle men to avoid splintering and disrupt complex communication networks, alongside reform of institutions to avoid corruption

38
Q

give 5 examples of non-military responses

A
  • travel bans for leaders
  • freezing of assets
  • blacklisting
  • naming on most wanted lists
  • prosecution for war crimes
  • economic sanctions against state sponsors
  • conciliatory response
  • war of ideas
  • convincing individual cooperation with authorities
  • inclusive approaches
39
Q

explain why a travel ban for leaders might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups

A

this is more effective than expulsion as they may form associations with other rebel groups while in other nations so it is effective to stop this

40
Q

explain why freezing of assets might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups

A

stops the groups from gaining funds from liquid assets and therefore restricts their scope

41
Q

explain why blacklisting might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups

A

means that businesses and individuals will not be able to do business with them

42
Q

explain why prosecution for war crimes might be an effective counter-strategy for armed groups

A

these leaders will be legally incarcerated and removed from leadership which is an effective decapitation strategy

43
Q

name the 4 main types of inclusive approaches

A
  • mediation
  • co-optation
  • amnesty
  • outreach
44
Q

define mediation as an inclusive approach

A

negotiations between states and rebel groups using external actors as mediators

45
Q

when is mediation most successful?

A

on insurgencies, when the group becomes less violent or wants to move away from violent tactics

46
Q

define co-optation as an inclusive approach

A

integration into non-violent political spheres and administration, members are socialised to accept new norms

47
Q

define amnesty as an inclusive approach

A

a part of co-optation, an incentive to stop violence

48
Q

define outreach as an inclusive approach

A

reaching out to and providing support to vulnerable communities who may be suscetible to aremd groups

49
Q

how might the distinction between acts and actors of terror make negotiations easier

A

when we separate the act from the actor this makes terrorism a tactic of war which allows a more accurate perspective on the significance

50
Q

‘terrorism may be seen as a tactic of ______ _______ that _________ violates these two rules of war’; ________, ________

A

severe coercion
deliberately
non-combatants, indiscriminate

51
Q

what is the war model

A

a way of looking at terror and its actors as war

52
Q

what can the war model lead to (2)

A
  • justification of repressive military responses

- mislabelling of terrorism in terms of unlimited wars

53
Q

what is unlimited war

A

wars which seek the total destruction of the adversary by any means

54
Q

what is limited war

A

war for limited goals

55
Q

why are terrorist groups often mislabelled as unlimited war brochers

A

rhetoric surrounding terrorism and the public discources

56
Q

what idea undermines the war model in rebel groups

A

the idea that completely gratuitous violence would defeat their own goals and lose them support

57
Q

how does the acceptance of limited war allow the end of terrorist acts

A

the actors accept that conflict will only end through political process
actors require and give mutual recognition to opposition in entering negotiations
thye then depend on mutual agreement for enforcement of said agreements so neither side seeks to destroy one another anymore

58
Q

give the two main rationales of the rational actor model

A
  • will not resort to terror if costs are too high

- reduction of costs through any form of reward for terrorism will result in more terror attacks

59
Q

what is the main flaw of the rational actor model

A

assumes perfect informational symmetry for all actors to assess the costs/benefit of acts

60
Q

what conditions are required for deterent to be successsful under the rational actor model (3)

A
  • significant severity of threat
  • good crediility of threat
  • (occassionaly the deterent must fail so as to provide evidence of the level of threat)

Rebels and Revolutionaries Exam 2019 (8 decks)

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