LS6 Rebel Governance

Question 1

how might the rebels who engage in rebel governance be referred to in the context of war

Answer 1

weaker parties who engage in rebel governance despite the assymetry of power and the lack of benefits to war effort

Question 2

what can be seen as the first and most important factor in the creation of rebel governance

Answer 2

control of territory populated by non-combatants

Question 3

why might it be hard to fulfil the first factor of rebel governance

Answer 3

rebel governance is often fluid and fragile in structure and the boundaries of territory may shoft dramatically making it hard to measure or govern

Question 4

how must the rebel governments retain the non-combatant population? (3)

Answer 4

• coercion
• provision of public goods
• security

Question 5

what can be seen as the main incentive to create rebel govenance?

Answer 5

extraction of funds through taxation and coercion, can make civilians focus on production of high-value goods to generate income for the rebel government

Question 6

what is the ultimate goal of rebel governance?

Answer 6

to capture or succeed the state

Question 7

define rebel governments in terms of sovereignty

Answer 7

have no recognised power within territory as a government in any sovereign capacity

Question 8

under what conditions are rebel governments defined as such?

Answer 8

• under armed threat
• during the course of an ongoing conflict, if conflict ends and they retain governance then it is not defined as rebel governance
• invloves the organisation of civilians within the given territory for public purpose

Question 9

define aliocracy in 3 words

Answer 9

rule by others

Question 10

give 3 features of aliocracy

Answer 10

• minimal government
• may take some small taxes through extortion or toll charges
• impose basic or random rules on population
• won’t allow opposition forces to enter

Question 11

define rebelocracy in 3 words

Answer 11

engaged rebel governance

Question 12

give 3 features of rebelocracy

Answer 12

• more comprehensive style of governance
• build or adopt comparable administrative structures as the state
• provision of public goods beyond just security

Question 13

give 3 examples of public goods

Answer 13

• security
• healthcare provision
• education
• infrarstructure
• creation of national banks and currency

Question 14

give the territorial conditions of rebel governance emergence

Answer 14

• small, local, and emote areas which gradually take more territory
• have enough power to expell opposing forces from controlled area
• won’t work for a terrorist group

Question 15

give the civilian conditions of rebel governance emergence

Answer 15

• population living in area
• people who are willing and able to be ruled over
• population must remain in place (through coercion)
• some civilian populations may choose to follow rebel groups

Question 16

give 2 features of the delivery of (rebelocracy) rebel governance

Answer 16

• credible threat of violence
• civilian participation
• civilian administration
• wealth production

Question 17

give 1 example of civilian participation

Answer 17

• local councils and advisory boards which involve civilians
• threat of coercion on civilians
• monitored autonomy of these councils to ensure they are taking it seriously

Question 18

give 2 examples of civilian administration in practice

Answer 18

• evolution of informal practices into formal processes e.g. taxation from extortion
• supply of public order through bureaucracy

Question 19

give 2 examples of wealth production in rebel governance

Answer 19

• taxation

- seizure of profitable businesses, particulary primary resources and mines

Question 20

give 3 reasons why a rebel group may engage in rebel governance

Answer 20

• ligitimise ideology
• stability and growth
• deliverance of ideology
• goals demand they show they can run state
• nessecity, e,g, requirement of resources for war
• opportunity
• increasing compliance

Question 21

why might rebel governance legitimise ideology?

Answer 21

by showing the practice of the groups aims. in case of separatists they are more likely to demonstrate their effectiveness and functionality

Question 22

why might rebel governance create stability? why might this be useful?

Answer 22

with control of the state (they are the state) they are less likely to face opposition, also much easier to expand rebel group from state

Question 23

why might rebel governments engage in rebel governance for necessity?

Answer 23

need resources for war or to prove aims

Question 24

what opportunistic factors might influence a rebel group to engage in rebel governance?

Answer 24

• a weak ir failing state which hase little provision for civilians
• abusive or ethnic majoritarianism
• civilians may be calling for new state system

Question 25

how might a rebel government seek to legitimise its governance?

Answer 25

symbolic things e.g. flags, anthems | also establishment of authority and gaining of recognition in the international system

Question 26

why might some groups choose not to engage in rebel governance

Answer 26

the groups are too weak

Question 27

some groups choose to ______ ________

Answer 27

expel civilians so there are no citizens to govern over

Question 28

give 3 examples of governance structures

Answer 28

- embarking on diplomacy - printing own currency - mobilise diasporas - institutions

Question 29

what might diplomacy achieve?

Answer 29

legitimacy on international stage

Question 30

why might groups introduce or adapt institutions

Answer 30

to bring them in line with ideology

Question 31

name the 4 options for civilians in rebel governed areas

Answer 31

- get fully onboard - passively support - flee - resistance

Question 32

how might a civilian show active support?

Answer 32

become part of the civilian administration, take on the beliefs and practices

Question 33

what can be described as passive support?

Answer 33

following the system but not inovolving themselves

Question 34

what is partial resistance?

Answer 34

questioning of the rebel government and smalle acts of rebellion, e.g. spreading of propaganda and refusing to do business with the fighters of policing forces

Question 35

what is full resistance?

Answer 35

demanding the exit of the group and individually going against each rule

Question 36

which two factors best predict the prevelance of full resistance

Answer 36

(high) quality of pre-existing local institutions | (high) scope of armed group's intervention - rebelocracy

Question 37

why is partial rebellion more common?

Answer 37

its everywhere, e.g. satire, parody

Question 38

why might partial resistance be useful for rebel governance?

Answer 38

allows citiznes to express concerns, thus solidifying place of rebel government as legitimate, against whcih people can lodge concerns

Question 39

what is required for full resistance?

Answer 39

severe restrictions on daily life and major grievance

Question 40

define a government

Answer 40

a bounded organisation with the authority to make laws and enforce them within a territory

Question 41

what is a civil administration

Answer 41

separate fro military operations, the formalisation of the provision of public goods

Question 42

what is the main problem that makes leaders create rebel governance?

Answer 42

they cannot keep the civilians onboard with violence alone and therefore must engage in rebel governance to create public goods and thus retain the civilians

Question 43

coercive apparatus can be described as _________

Answer 43

domination

Question 44

what other factor is required besides domination for rebel governance?

Answer 44

a degree of consent from the population (hegemony)

Question 45

give 2 advantages of setting up a rebel territory

Answer 45

- complex wealth extraction - long-term relationship with locals means easier taxation - excercise monopoly of the use of force - easier to cultivate loyalty

Question 46

give 2 disadvantages of setting up rebel territory

Answer 46

- must engage in give-take negotionas with civilians who don't always have unanimity - have to return favours to civilians who give tax, creation of public goods

Question 47

why might we not see these principles as foundations of states? (out of wartime)

Answer 47

they are based upon civil war which means a state already exists, therefore these rebel governments cannot possess the soveriengty. these are merely principles which have been migrated out of the sphere of sovereign state building

Question 48

how did both Guevara and Mao seek to balance between coercion and consent

Answer 48

a cultivation of support for the revolutionary agenda through civilian discources of education and civil administration

Question 49

what factors may predict that a rebel group is less concerned with civilian welfare?

Answer 49

the group draws on outside funding and not from popular support

Question 50

why might it be hard to determine sources of funding?

Answer 50

constantly shifting and varied

Question 51

give 3 main conditions of interactive governance approach

Answer 51

- force capable of policing and stabalising the population - judicial structure whereby citizens can settle disputes - capacity to provide public goods beyond security - (civilians must make use of all these) - (feedback mechanisms from civilians to leadership)