LS2 Why do people join rebel groups?

Question 1

Name the two schollars who outline the greed thesis

Answer 1

Collier and Hoeffler

Question 2

outline the main conditions of the greed thesis (4)

Answer 2

• low opportunity costs
• weak or failing states
• opportunities for looting and profit
• opportunity to seize profitable enterprise e.g. mines in resource rich countries

Question 3

give 3 state level explanations which increase the likelihood of rebellion according to Ezrow 2017 (5)

Answer 3

• resource dependent countries
• unemployment
• youth bulges
• middle class
• relative deprivation, income inequality

Question 4

give one major weakness of Ezrow’s account of state level factors

Answer 4

• contradictions constantly, suggests that in general there is a strong correlation with poverty and low opportunity costs, yet goes on to state that those in the middle class are more liekly to be involved in terror
• just listing factors and doesn’t go into much detail, gives lists of references

Question 5

give 3 consequences of repressive state policies cited by Ezrow 2017 as factors in terror

Answer 5

• excessive state force
• creation of martyrs and myths surrounding groups due to suppression
• states become breeding grounds for international terror due to political repression

Question 6

according to Ezrow 2017, what might be the main consequence be of lack of state provision?

Answer 6

tensions lead non-state armed groups to step in and fill this role

Question 7

lack of state provision of ______ can lead to incursion

Answer 7

defence

Question 8

why mights states fail to provide defence within the nation?

Answer 8

failure to extract revenue from citizens

Question 9

what can failure to extract revenue lead to?

Answer 9

• lack of state provision

- state less able to defend itself

Question 10

how can states maintain revnue extraction

Answer 10

legitimate institutions which are efficient and not corrupt

Question 11

give one sign of lack of state legitimacy

Answer 11

ethnic favoritism

Question 12

give 3 reasons that democracies are more susceptible to targetting of terrorism offences cited by Ezrow 2017

Answer 12

• democracy and freedom of press
• free press and terrorism are described as having a symbiotic relationship
• authoritarian regimes don’t have to be swayed by public opinion

Question 13

give the process by which security gaps allow the development of rebel groups (Ezrow 2017)

Answer 13

minorities feel neglected by authorities as corrupt representatives of government&raquo_space;> people turn to private security e.g. drug lords fr protection&raquo_space;> ow security on borders allows influx of weapons and inception of illicit business for funds&raquo_space;> people are empowered to create guerrilla units

Question 14

from which areas are left wing terrorists most likely to orginate?

Answer 14

urban areas

Question 15

from which areas are right wing terrorists most likely to originate?

Answer 15

isolated compounds in remote rural areas

Question 16

give 3 main demographic points for religious terrorists

Answer 16

• young, less responsibility but older than left wing
• well educated, scientific disciplines
• people who want more

Question 17

give 3 main demographic factors for left wing terrorists

Answer 17

• younger
• more liekly urban roots
• more educated than right wing, over 50% college degrees
• people who want more

Question 18

why do terror organisations struggle to retain members as they get older?

Answer 18

• they struggle with the intensity of activities

- less youthful more likely to have responsibilities

Question 19

why do leaders of rebel groups tend to be older

Answer 19

requires the experience of age along with the build up of a network of members to support and carry out acts

Question 20

according to Collier and Hoeffler how common are internal conflicts

Answer 20

all major conflicts in 2002 were internal

Question 21

according to Collier and Hoeffler rebellions needs both ______ and ___________

Answer 21

motive and opportunity

Question 22

Collier and Hoeffler 3 main factors influencing the opportunity for rebellion

Answer 22

• availability of finance e.g. primary commodity exports allow opportunity for extortion
• cost of rebellion in forgone earnings
• dispersed population meaning increased military advantage

Question 23

give 2 factors which decrease the opportunity for rebellion (Collier and Hoeffler)

Answer 23

• societies which embrace diversity
• length of time since last conflict
• more males being enrolled in secondary school

Question 24

what can reduce the likelihood that further conflict will break out after the end of recent conflict (Collier and Hoeffler)

Answer 24

lack of or removal of diasporas

Question 25

what are the two main models of why people join and create rebel groups

Answer 25

greed and grievance

+ opportunity

Question 26

give one sentence to describe the grievance model

Answer 26

a groupd or sector of society seeks a bond over a grievance and rebels on these grounds

Question 27

give one sentence to describe the greed model

Answer 27

the opportunity for looting or profit presents itself for advancement of self-interest

Question 28

what must both greed and grievance be coupled with in order for rebellion to occur

Answer 28

opportunity

Question 29

give 3 causes of rebellion under the grievance model

Answer 29

• repressive state and lack of freedoms
• weak state with lack of provision
• ethnic favouritism
• institutionalised state discrimination

Question 30

give 3 causes of rebellion under the greed model

Answer 30

• weak or failing state (often resource rich countries)
• opportunity to eventually capture profitable enterprises
• profitability of rebellion