LS2 Why do people join rebel groups? Flashcards
Name the two schollars who outline the greed thesis
Collier and Hoeffler
outline the main conditions of the greed thesis (4)
- low opportunity costs
- weak or failing states
- opportunities for looting and profit
- opportunity to seize profitable enterprise e.g. mines in resource rich countries
give 3 state level explanations which increase the likelihood of rebellion according to Ezrow 2017 (5)
- resource dependent countries
- unemployment
- youth bulges
- middle class
- relative deprivation, income inequality
give one major weakness of Ezrow’s account of state level factors
- contradictions constantly, suggests that in general there is a strong correlation with poverty and low opportunity costs, yet goes on to state that those in the middle class are more liekly to be involved in terror
- just listing factors and doesn’t go into much detail, gives lists of references
give 3 consequences of repressive state policies cited by Ezrow 2017 as factors in terror
- excessive state force
- creation of martyrs and myths surrounding groups due to suppression
- states become breeding grounds for international terror due to political repression
according to Ezrow 2017, what might be the main consequence be of lack of state provision?
tensions lead non-state armed groups to step in and fill this role
lack of state provision of ______ can lead to incursion
defence
why mights states fail to provide defence within the nation?
failure to extract revenue from citizens
what can failure to extract revenue lead to?
- lack of state provision
- state less able to defend itself
how can states maintain revnue extraction
legitimate institutions which are efficient and not corrupt
give one sign of lack of state legitimacy
ethnic favoritism
give 3 reasons that democracies are more susceptible to targetting of terrorism offences cited by Ezrow 2017
- democracy and freedom of press
- free press and terrorism are described as having a symbiotic relationship
- authoritarian regimes don’t have to be swayed by public opinion
give the process by which security gaps allow the development of rebel groups (Ezrow 2017)
minorities feel neglected by authorities as corrupt representatives of government»_space;> people turn to private security e.g. drug lords fr protection»_space;> ow security on borders allows influx of weapons and inception of illicit business for funds»_space;> people are empowered to create guerrilla units
from which areas are left wing terrorists most likely to orginate?
urban areas
from which areas are right wing terrorists most likely to originate?
isolated compounds in remote rural areas
give 3 main demographic points for religious terrorists
- young, less responsibility but older than left wing
- well educated, scientific disciplines
- people who want more
give 3 main demographic factors for left wing terrorists
- younger
- more liekly urban roots
- more educated than right wing, over 50% college degrees
- people who want more
why do terror organisations struggle to retain members as they get older?
- they struggle with the intensity of activities
- less youthful more likely to have responsibilities
why do leaders of rebel groups tend to be older
requires the experience of age along with the build up of a network of members to support and carry out acts
according to Collier and Hoeffler how common are internal conflicts
all major conflicts in 2002 were internal
according to Collier and Hoeffler rebellions needs both ______ and ___________
motive and opportunity
Collier and Hoeffler 3 main factors influencing the opportunity for rebellion
- availability of finance e.g. primary commodity exports allow opportunity for extortion
- cost of rebellion in forgone earnings
- dispersed population meaning increased military advantage
give 2 factors which decrease the opportunity for rebellion (Collier and Hoeffler)
- societies which embrace diversity
- length of time since last conflict
- more males being enrolled in secondary school
what can reduce the likelihood that further conflict will break out after the end of recent conflict (Collier and Hoeffler)
lack of or removal of diasporas
what are the two main models of why people join and create rebel groups
greed and grievance
+ opportunity
give one sentence to describe the grievance model
a groupd or sector of society seeks a bond over a grievance and rebels on these grounds
give one sentence to describe the greed model
the opportunity for looting or profit presents itself for advancement of self-interest
what must both greed and grievance be coupled with in order for rebellion to occur
opportunity
give 3 causes of rebellion under the grievance model
- repressive state and lack of freedoms
- weak state with lack of provision
- ethnic favouritism
- institutionalised state discrimination
give 3 causes of rebellion under the greed model
- weak or failing state (often resource rich countries)
- opportunity to eventually capture profitable enterprises
- profitability of rebellion
