LRTI Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of acute lower respiratory tract infections?

A
  • pneumonia
    -bronchitis
    -legionnaires disease
    -whooping cough
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2
Q

What are some examples of chronic lower respiratory tract infections?

A

-TB
-aspergillosis
-cystic fibrosis

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3
Q

What are the 2 ways pneumonia can be acquired?

A

1) CAP = acquired in the community
2) HAP = acquired in hospitals

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4
Q

What can cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

if food travels to the lungs instead of to the intestine

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of typical pneumonia?

A

1) cough and fever
2) cyanosis - lack of blood flow to fingertips aka blue fingertips
3) tachypnoea - low respiratory rate
4) tachycardia - increased heart rate
5) rust coloured sputum

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6
Q

What is the microorganism associated with CAP?

A

main one: streptococcus pneumoniae

less common: haemophilia influenzae

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • mostly non respiratory and common in the young AND old

1) rash
2) confusion, diarrhoea, incontinence
3) no sputum
4) cyanosis
5) tachypneoa and tachycardia

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8
Q

Which organism is associated with atypical CAP?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae - fried egg appearance

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9
Q

What is the radiological difference in appearance of typical and atypical pneumonia?

A

-typical pneumonia is widespread in appearance

-whereas atypical pneumonia is patchy in appearance (occupies smaller area in lungs)

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for HAP?

A
  • ventilatory support (ventilatory acquired pneumoniae)
  • immunosuppression: organ transplant
  • immobility and vomiting: aspiration pneumonia (viridian streptococci)
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11
Q

What are the treatments for pneumonia?

A

1) uncomplicated CAP: amoxicillin/ erythromycin, moxifloxacin (fluroquinolone)
2) severe CAP of unknown aetiology: cefuroxime and erythromycin
3) atypical pneumonia: erythromycin
4) HAP: cefotaxime and gentamicin

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenicity of strep pneumonia?

A
  • has viral capsule and multiple types of capsule: makes it resistant to different antibiotics
  • adhesion: interacts with carbohydrates on pulmonary epithelial surface
  • protective antigen inhibits opsonisation of pneumococci
  • autolysis: inflammation
  • pneumolysin: inhibits phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation
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13
Q

What sample should be taken for pneumonia?

A

sputum

non culture techniques: microscopy and gram stain

culture techniques: sputum and sputloysin

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14
Q

Which sensitivity disc would you use for strep pneumoniae?

A

**optochin **sensitivity disk: large zone of inhibition differentiates pneumococci from normal oral streptococci

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15
Q

What does CbpA adhesion do in strep pneumoniae?

A

adhesion interacts with carbohydrates on pulmonary epithelial surface

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16
Q

What is the function of spA in Strep pneumoniae?

A

inhibits complement mediated opsonisation of pneumococci

17
Q

What does igA1 protease do in strep pneumoniae?

A

cleaves IgA1 which is the main Ig for the respiratory tract