LRTI Flashcards
1
Q
Croup- aetiology
A
- usually in children
- COVID-19, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, RSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae
2
Q
Croup- symptoms
A
- seal’s bark, hoarseness
- precedent URTI (fever, laryngitis, tachypnea and wheezing, inspiratory stridor, hypoxemia)
- steeple sign on XR
3
Q
Croup- diagnosis
A
- clinical
- viral antigen detection, PCR for NPA
4
Q
Croup- treatment
A
oxygen therapy
ventilatory support
nebulised bronchodilator
5
Q
Pertussis- Treatment
A
- macrolides
- supportive
6
Q
Community acquired pneumonia- treatment
A
- beta lactam + macrolide/tetracycline
- supportive
7
Q
Atypical pneumonia syndrome
A
- walking pneumonia
- No significant pathogen in routine culture
- not responding to beta lactam
- long course of illness
8
Q
Atypical pneumonia syndrome- aetiology
A
- mycoplasma pnuemoniae (special culture)
- chlamydia trachomatis (cell culture)
- chlamydophila pneumoniae (cell culture)
- chlamydophila psittaci - parrot fever, psittacosis (cell culture)
- legionella pneumophila (special culture, antigen)
- respiratory viruses (cell culture, antigen)
PCR/nucleic acid amplification
9
Q
Legionnaire/ legionellosis
A
- urine antigen detection, in fresh water
- charcoal based medium
- treatment: macrolides, fluoroquinolones
10
Q
nosocomial pneumonia- predisposinng factors
A
- advanced age, underlying diseases
- gastric acid suppression
- intubations and use of respiratory equipment
11
Q
Nosocomial pneumonia- aetiology
A
- MRSA, non-fermenters: pseudomonas, acinetobacter baumanii, legionella penumophila, gram negs
12
Q
Aspiration pneumonia
A
- elderly, drunk, unconscious, iV drug addicts
- loss of gag and swallowing reflex, loss of consciousness
- obstruction, chemical pneumonitis, bacterial pneumonia
13
Q
Complications- lung abscess
A
- necrotising lung parenchyma, with pus containing cavitations (air fluid level)
- bronchiectasis, bronchial obstruction, aspiration pneumonia, septic emboli
Secondary to aspiration: mixed oral flora, anaerobes
Secondary to bacteremia: monobacteria e.g. S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeroginosa
14
Q
Complications- empyema thoracis
A
- predisposing factors: pneumonia, surgery, perforated oesophagus, mediastinitis
- Secondary to pneumonia: the one causing pneumonia
- Secondary to surgery or eosophagus: anaerobes, aerobic gram neg
15
Q
TB- diagnosis
A
clinical, radiological, acid fast stain
culture: faster culture system and earlier sensitivity result from BACTEC
tuberculin skin test
PCR
