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kinesiology 2 > LP10-11 (The knee) > Flashcards

LP10-11 (The knee) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the knee, along with the hip & ankle designed for

A

Designed for mobility and stability. Along with hip and ankle;

  • Supports the body when standing
  • Functional unit with walking, climbing, sitting
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2
Q

What are the articulations of the knee

A
  • 2 condyles at distal femur

- 2 tibial plateaus on prox tibia.

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3
Q

Large sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

A

Patella

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4
Q

Separates jt. capsule than tibiofemoral jt.

-functions with ankle

A

Prox. tibiofibular joint

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5
Q

Characteristics of the tibiofemoral joint

A 
Modified hinge joint (BIAXIAL) 
-Distal femur
-Medial condyle 
locking mechanism of the knee (screw home mechanism) 
-Two tibial plateaus which are Concave 
-Medial plateau is larger
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6
Q

ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint

A
  • Anterior cruciate lig
  • Posterior cruciate lig
  • medial & lateral collateral ligaments
  • coronary ligaments
  • transverse ligaments
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7
Q

Intracapsular attaching to tibia and femur.

  • Named for their attachment on the tibia
  • Provide Anterior and posterior support
A

ACL & PCL

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8
Q

Provide Medial and lateral support

  • Medial- attach from the femoral condyle to tibial condyle
  • Lateral- attach from the femoral condyle to fibular head.
A

Medial & lateral collateral ligaments

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9
Q

Connects tibial condyles, meniscus and capsule

A

Coronary ligaments

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10
Q

Connect anterior menisci to eachother

A

Transverse ligaments

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11
Q

Joint is covered by medial & lateral fibrocartilaginous menisci

  • Two menisci supported by ligaments and muscles
  • improve congruency of articulating surfaces
A

Menisci of the tibiofemoral joint

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12
Q

firmly attached to joint capsule, medial collateral ligament, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, semimembranosus
-More secure attachment on the medial meniscus– greater chance of sustaining a tear when there is a lateral blow to the knee

A

Medial meniscus

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13
Q

attaches to posterior cruciate and the tendon of the popliteus mm through capsular connections.

A

Lateral meniscus

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14
Q

Arthrokinematics of the tibiofemoral joint

A

Joint mechanics affected by open and closed chained positions
-rotation occurs with flexion and extension

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15
Q 
Tibial motion (open chain) 
-what is the roll & slide with flexion
A

Roll: posterior & medial rotation
Slide: Posterior

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16
Q 
Tibial motion (open chain)
-What is the roll & slide with extension
A

Roll: Anterior & lateral rotation
Slide: Anterior

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17
Q 
Femoral motion (closed chain)
-what is the roll & side with flexion
A

roll: posterior & lateral rotation
slide: anterior

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18
Q 
femoral motion (closed chain)
-what is the roll & slide with extension
A

roll: anterior & medial rotation
slide: posterior

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19
Q

concave plateau slides in same direction as physiological movement

A

Open chain

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20
Q

tibia fixed; convex condyles slide in the opposite direction as physiological movement

A

Closed chain

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21
Q

Rotation that occurs between femoral condyles and tibia during final degrees of extension.

  • Closed chain- tibia fixed with foot on the ground.
  • Femur rotates internally – medial condyle slides further posteriorly
  • Hip moves into extension
  • As knee is unlocked, the femur rotates laterally. This action occurs from the popliteus muscle.
  • Pathology or injury to any of the structures affects these movements resulting in the inability to stand upright – lacking this passive stabilizing function.
A

Screw home mechanism or locking

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22
Q

Characteristics of the patellofemoral joint

A

Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

  • Articulates with intercondylar groove of the anterior distal femur
  • Articulating surface covered with smooth hyaline cartilage
  • Embedding in anterior portion of joint capsule
  • Patellar ligament connects patella to tibia oMany bursa surround patella
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23
Q

Mechanics of the patellofemoral JT

A

oKnee Extension – patella slides superiorly

oKnee Flexion – patella slides inferiorly

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24
Q

Patellar function

A

Increase the moment arm of the quadriceps in its function to extend the knee
-The cartilaginous surface of the patella also reduces friction and dissipates forces between the patella and the femoral condyles.

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25
Q

patellar alignment

A
  • Q angle

- Greater in women (approx 10-15degrees)

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26
Q

Formed by two intersecting lines

-ASIS to mid patella & mid patella to tibial tuberosity

A

Q angle

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27
Q

Patellar Malalignment & Tracking problems:

A

Increased Q-angle

  • Muscle and fascial hypertonicity
  • Hip muscle weakness
28
Q

Posterior patella is not completely congruent as it articulates with femur

  • Full extension – patella is superior to patellar groove -15 degrees of flexion – inferior patella begins to articulate with femur -Increased patellar contact as the knee is flexed
  • At 90 degrees – patella inferior to patellar groove, quadriceps tendon is in contact.
A

Patellar contact

29
Q

Compression force

A

Full extension – no compression of articular surfaces, little compressive loading from quadriceps due to parallel placement of femur and tibia

  • Joint reaction forces rise between 30 and 60 degrees -Peak compression – 75 degrees during open chain movements
  • Increase in Q-angle causes an increase lateral pressure as knee flexes
30
Q

Tibia and fibula bound together by interosseous membrane

  • Strong anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments at distal tibiofibular articulation
  • Strong joint capsule at proximal tibiofibular articulation
  • Slight movement between the two bones allows for greater movement of the ankle joint
A

leg

31
Q

3 segments of the foot

A
  • hindfoot
  • midfoot
  • forefoot
32
Q

talus & calcaneus

A

hindfoot

33
Q

navicular, cuboid, & 3 cunieforms

A

midfoot

34
Q

5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

A

forefoot

35
Q

Sagittal plane motion around a frontal (coronal axis)

A

Dorsiflexion (extension)

-Plantarflexion (flexion) oFlexion & extension of the toes

36
Q

frontal plane motion around a sagittal axis (anteroposterior)

A
  • inversion

- everison

37
Q

transverse plane motion around a vertical axis

A
  • abduction

- adduction

38
Q 
Pronation/ supination
Dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion 
Eversion/ inversion
Abduction/ adduction 
Lower arch during weight bearing 
Supination of the forefoot
Extension of the 1st metatarsal 
Flexions of the 5th metatarsal
A

triplanar motions

39
Q

superior and inferior tibiofibular joints are separate from the ankle

  • Provide accessory motions that allow for greater movement of the ankle
  • Ankle mortise
A

Tibiofibular joint

40
Q

distal ends of the tibia and fibula form the proximal surface of the ankle or talocrural joint

A

Ankle mortise

41
Q

characteristics of superior tibiofibular joint

A

plane synovial joint

  • Articulations are the fibular head and the facet on the posterior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle
  • Facet faces posteriorly, inferiorly and laterally
  • Has its own joint capsule
  • Supported by anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
42
Q

inferior tibiofibular joint characteristics

A

Syndesmosis fibrosis joint

  • Fibroadipose tissue between articulating surfaces
  • Supported by crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
43
Q

Tibiofibular Joints Accessory Motions

A

Fibular accessory movements with plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
-Necessary movement to allow full range of the talus in the mortise during ankle dorsiflexion

44
Q

Characteristics of the ankle (talocrural) joint

A

Synovial hinge joint

  • Formed by mortise (Tibia & Fibula) and trochlea of the talus
  • Thin weak capsule
  • Along with Subtalar joint – supported by medial collateral ligaments (deltoid) and lateral collateral ligaments (anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments)
  • Lateral malleolus extends further distally and posteriorly
  • Surface of the mortise is congruent with articulating surface of the body of the talus
45
Q

wedge-shaped, wider anteriorly, cone shaped apex pointing medially

A

talus

46
Q

when foot dorsiflexes what happens to the talus

A

abducts and everts

47
Q

when the foot plantarflexes what happens to the talus

A

adducts and inverts

48
Q

closed packed position of the talus

A

dorsiflexion

49
Q

open packed position of the talus

A

plantarflexion

50
Q

Arthrokinematics of the talus

A

Concave mortise

  • Convex talus
  • Slide opposite direction of physiological movement
51
Q

Characteristics of the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A

The calcaneus and the talus are not lined up equally and work together

  • Talus is oriented more medially and the calcaneus more laterally
  • 3 articulations between talus and calcaneal
  • Biomechanically angular in its orientation
  • Multiple planes in which movement occurs
  • Pronation and supination in a transverse and sagittal plane
  • Eversion and inversion in the frontal plane (isolated only with passive motion)
52
Q

what are the 3 articulations between talus and calcaneal

A

posterior, anterior, and middle

53
Q

what is the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint supported by

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments (same supporting structures as talocrural joint)

  • Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament in tarsal canal
  • Posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments
54
Q

posterior articulation of the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A

concave talus, calcaneus convex (independent joint capsule)

55
Q

anterior and middle articulations of the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A

convex talus, calcaneus concave

56
Q

open chained position of the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint

A

convex posterior portion of calcaneus slides opposite to motion
-concave middle and anterior portions side same direction (like a door knob/tap)

57
Q

Talonavicular joint

A

supported by a series of ligaments

  • Articulation with the talus (allows for functions with subtalar joint) – triplanar motions of the subtalar joint
  • During weight bearing the talus moves plantarward and medially, decreasing the medial longitudinal arch= pronation oResults in a upward and outward motion of navicular
  • Opposite occurs with supination
58
Q

Arthokinematics of the Talonavicular joint

A

Head of talus – convex

-Articulation with navicular – concave oNavicular sides in the same direction of motion of forefoot

59
Q

open chained position for the Talonavicular joint (w/ supination & pronation)

A

pronation – navicular slides dorsally and laterally

Supination – navicular slides plantarly and medially

60
Q

characterics of the transverse tarsal joint

A

joint between hindfoot and midfoot

  • Triplanar motions of the foot and makes compensatory movements to adjust to variations in the ground
  • The calcaneocuboid is a saddle joint
61
Q

Convex dorsal to plantar

concave medial to lateral

A

calcaneus

62
Q

opposite of calcaneus

A

cuboid

63
Q

intertarsal & tarsometatarsal joints

A

Plane joints
Reinforce the function of transverse tarsal joint
During weight bearing – help regulate the position of the forefoot on the ground

64
Q

metatarsophalangeal & interphalangeal joints

A

same as MCP and IP joints of the hand
Extension more important than flexion, opposite to the hand
Necessary for normal walking (especially extension of the MTP joints)
Large toe does not function separately, unlike the hand

65
Q

convex, two asymmetrical condyles

A

Distal femur

66
Q

longer, contributes to locking mechanism of the knee (screw home mechanism) -Two tibial plateaus which are Concave

A

medial condyle

kinesiology 2 (4 decks)

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