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kinesiology 2 > A&P midterm review > Flashcards

A&P midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

which gland is considered the master endocrine gland?

A

Hypothalamus – it is the master of the endocrine system and the pituitary gland

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2
Q

what do we call the pituitary gland?

A

The Master Gland – it is responsible for secreting several hormones that control other endocrine glands.

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3
Q

What is the name of the system that transports blood from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

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4
Q

A portal system used to pass hormones that release or inhibit anterior pituitary hormones to the anterior pituitary form the hypothalamus. In this system, blood flows from one capillary network into a portal vein then into a second capillary network before returning to the heart.

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

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5
Q

These are able to penetrate through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell.

A

lipid soluble hormones

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6
Q

unable to penetrate through the plasma membrane and function with their target cells in a much different and complex manner.

A

water soluble hormones

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7
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble?

A

steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Gas

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8
Q

which hormones are water soluble?

A

Amines
peptides and proteins
Eicosanoids

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9
Q

A Hyper-secretion of Growth Hormone causes abnormal increase in the length of long bones. Body proportions are generally normal. Bones of the hands, feet, cheeks and jaws thicken, other tissues enlarge and eyelids, lips, tongue and nose enlarge and the skin thickens and develops furrows (especially at the forehead and soles).

A

Acromegaly

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10
Q

what is another name for acromegaly?

A

Gigantism

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11
Q

Hyposecretion of GH during the growing years slows bone growth and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached. Other organs of the body fail to grow and the body proportions are childlike. Can be treated with GH during childhood before the epiphyseal plates close.

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

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12
Q

Most common hyperthyroidism condition. Occurs 7-10 times more frequently in women than men and generally before age 40. It causes the person to produce antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid stimulating hormone. Antibodies continuously stimulate the thyroid gland and grow and produce thyroid hormones.

A

Graves Disease

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13
Q

What are the two things that Anti-Diuretic hormone cause your body to retain?

A

water

Sodium

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14
Q

known as a low blood glucose

A

Hypoglycemia

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15
Q

what is Hypoglycemia caused by?

A

can be caused by a low level of hGH and IGF’s decrease the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and glucose enters the blood more slowly. If blood glucose continues to fall below normal that hypoglycemia inhibits the release of GHIH.

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16
Q

Released from Somatotrophs to target the Liver and other tissues.

A

Human growth hormone (HGH)

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17
Q

Released by Neurosecretory cells of the Hypothalamus to target Kidneys, sudoriferous glands and arterioles.

A

Anti-Diuretic

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18
Q

the master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function (including the secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine). These hormones control the body’s metabolic rate, heat generation, neuromuscular function and heart rate, among other things.

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

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19
Q

What is the Function of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone? What are they targeted for? What do they act upon?

A

The Brain

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20
Q

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone. Also known as Chronic Adrenocortical insufficiency. Pathogens such as the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, also may trigger adrenal cortex destruction. Loss of aldosterone leads to elevated potassium and decreased sodium in the blood, low BP, dehydration, decreased cardiac output, arrhythmias, and even cardiac arrest, bronzed skin.

A

Addison’s Disease

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21
Q

Adult form of hypothyroidism. Occurs 5 times more frequently in females than males. Symptoms of edema to the facial tissues, slow heart rate, low body temperature, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, muscular weakness, generally lethargy and tendency to gain weight easily, possible decrease in alertness.

A

Myxedema

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22
Q

Enlarged Thyroid gland. May be associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or euthyroidism (normal secretion). Usually due to inadequate dietary intake of iodine which causes low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood which stimulates the secretion of TSH causing the enlargement of the thyroid gland.

A

Goiter

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23
Q

What is the Function of Parathyroid Hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone is released from chief cells, it is secreted when there are low levels of CA2+ in the blood and inhibited if there are high levels of CA2+ in the blood. It helps to increase bone resorption by osteoclasts; promoted the formulation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) which increases the rate of dietary CA2+ and g2+ absorption.

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24
Q

Part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

A

Renin

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25
Q

Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.

A

Calcitriol

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26
Q

Decreases BP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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27
Q

Supresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

A

Leptin

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28
Q

A condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.

A

Acidosis

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29
Q

Most often occurs when a diabetic injects too much insulin. Main symptom is Hypoglycemia (decrease in blood glucose level) because excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells.

A

Hyperinsullinism

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30
Q

The inability to produce or use insulin.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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31
Q

Function of Cortisol?

A

A steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of vital processes throughout the body, including metabolism and the immune response. It also has a very important role in helping the body respond to stress.

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32
Q

What is the function of Aldosterone?

A

Promotes homeostasis of NA+ and K+, adjusts blood pressure and volume, promotes the secretion of H+, removal of acids in the body, preventing acidosis.

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33
Q

What is the function of Progesterone?

A

Maintain pregnancy; helps prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk.

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34
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid Hormones?

A

Increase in the basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production; increase lipolysis; enhance cholesterol excretion; accelerate body growth; contribute to development of nervous system.

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35
Q

Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

A

Insulin

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36
Q

Raises blood glucose level by accelerating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing glucose into blood.

A

Glucagon

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37
Q

Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract.

A

Somatostatin

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38
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Regulates Calcium Homeostasis, it can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts (cells that break down extracellular matrix)

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39
Q

Prolonged exposure to large amounts of hormones

A

Down Regulation

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40
Q

Promotes milk production by mammary glands.

A

Prolactin

41
Q

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands to cause milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

42
Q

regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.

A

Testosterone

43
Q

makes up 75% of the Pituitary Gland, Made of epithelial tissue, anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated by releasing hormones and inhibited by inhibiting hormones; they help regulate a number of functions from growth to reproduction.

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

44
Q

2 parts of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Pars Distalis – Larger Portion

Pars Tuberalis – Forms a Sheath around the Infundibulum

45
Q

this is the Posterior part of the Pituitary Gland, it is composed of Neural Tissue and it does NOT synthesize hormones but rather it stores and releases 2 hormones.

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

46
Q

2 parts of posterior pituitary gland

A

Pars Nervosa – Larger Bulbar Portion

Infundibulum –Stalk that connects Pituitary and Hypothalamus

47
Q

what structure connects the hypothalamus & pituitary gland?

A

Connected via a stalk called the Infundibulum

48
Q

Function of Thyroid hormones

A
  1. )Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) the rate of oxygen consumption
  2. )The thyroid hormones enhance some actions of the catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) because they up - regulate beta receptors.
  3. )Together with human growth hormone and insulin, thyroid hormones accelerate body growth, particularly the growth of the nervous and skeletal systems.
49
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone

A

It helps maintain an appropriate balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning

50
Q

How does alcohol affect antidiuretic hormone

A

Alcohol suppresses Antidiuretic hormone, which is why you pee more

51
Q

If a hormone is deficient the number of receptors may increase. This makes a target cell more sensitive to a specific hormone.

A

Up Regulation

52
Q

Symptoms of low blood calcium

A

Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, fatigue, muscle Problems, Skin Symptoms, Painful Premenstrual Syndome, Dental Problems.

53
Q

A hormone secrete by the Zona Fasciculate, the most common glucocorticoid is cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid

54
Q

What are glucocorticoids 6 main effects in the body

A
  1. )Protein Breakdown
  2. )Glucose Formation
  3. )Lipolysis
  4. )Resistance to Stress
  5. )Anti-inflammatory Effects
  6. )Depression of Immune Responses
55
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the body and how it is regulated? What cell produce it?

A

Insulin is released by Beta Cells of Pancreatic Islets. Insulin lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis) and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

56
Q

What hormones are involved in the fight or flight response

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

57
Q

What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Females: Initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen.
Males: stimulates the testes to produce sperm.

58
Q

How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect BP?

A

When blood vessels are dilated, blood pressure is often increases due to the amount of blood that can flow through the vascular system, when blood vessels are constricted the blood pressure is often reduced due to the lack of blood that is able to flow through the vascular system at one time.

59
Q

What are the different types of shock and their symptoms?

A

Hypovolemic: decreased blood flow.
Cardiogenic: due to poor heart function.
Vascular: due to inappropriate vasodilation.
Obstructive: Obstruction of blood flow.

60
Q

decreased blood flow.

A

Hypovolemic

61
Q

due to poor heart function.

A

Cardiogenic

62
Q

due to inappropriate vasodilation.

A

Vascular

63
Q

Obstruction of blood flow.

A

Obstructive

64
Q

An extreme and life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis very rarely seen today.

A

Thyroid Storm

65
Q

Thyroid storm treatment

A
  • Peripheral cooling without causing shivering
  • Replacing fluids, glucose, and electrolytes
  • Drugs are used to block the undesirable effects of T4 on the hearts function, correct adrenal insufficiency and to inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
66
Q

What is the difference in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is inulin dependant, type 2 is not.

67
Q

what are they 3 P’s of diabetes?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

68
Q

Increased urination production due to the inability of the kidneys to reabsorb water

A

Polyuria

69
Q

Excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

70
Q

Excessive Eating

A

Polyphagia

71
Q

Hormones in various stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

Fight or Flight - Initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla.
Resistance Reaction –Involved hormones are: Corticotropin releasing hormone, Growth Hormone releasing hormone, Thyrotropin Releasing hormone.
Exhaustion: Cortisol.

72
Q

monitor changes in pressure and stretch on walls of blood vessels

A

Baroreceptors

73
Q

monitor concentrations of chemicals in the body

A

Chemo Receptors

74
Q

monitor movement of joints and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

75
Q

What are the two Baro-receptor reflexes?

A

Carotid Sinus Reflex: helps regulate blood pressure in the brain
Aortic Reflex: regulates systemic blood pressure

76
Q

local hormones that act on neighbouring cells

“para” means besides or near

A

Paracrine

77
Q

local hormones that act on the cell they are secreted from

“auto” means self

A

Autocrine

78
Q

Which proteins enters into a cell- Lipid or Water soluble?

A

Lipid – These are able to penetrate through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell.

79
Q

Which proteins interacts with receptors on the plasma membrane- Lipid or Water Soluble?

A

Water – unable to penetrate through the plasma membrane and function with their target cells in a much different and complex manner.

80
Q

Which substance is the “second” messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP

81
Q

Secrete Growth Hormone (GH) also known as somatotropin.

-This stimulates general body growth and regulates aspects of metabolism.

A

Somatotrophs

82
Q

Secrete gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
-This stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries and stimulation of sperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.

A

Gomatotrophs

83
Q

Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) aka thyrotropin

-Controlling the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyrotrophs

84
Q

Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
-Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Some may also secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone.

A

Corticotrophs

85
Q

What are the 3 zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Outer Zone: “zona glomerulosa” – cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters and arched columns, secrete hormones called mineralocorticoids (affect mineral homeostasis).
Middle Zone: “zona fasciculate” – cells arranged in long straight columns, secreteglucocorticoids (affect glucose homeostasis)
Inner Zone: “zona reticularis” – cells are arranged in branching cords, secrete weak androgens (steroid with masculinizing effects)

86
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

87
Q

What is the role of renin in the Kidney?

A

Part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

88
Q

Why are glucocorticoids prescribed to people with organ transplants?

A

High doses of glucocorticoids depress the immune system, for this reason, glucocorticoids are often prescribing for patients who have undergone organ transplant to retard tissue rejection by the immune system.

89
Q

Which systems are likely to be impacted as a result of stress?

A

Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal System
Immune System
Neurologic System

90
Q

Promotes the secretion of gastric juices, increases movement of the stomach

A

Gastrin

91
Q

Increases the rate of red blood cell formation

A

Erythropoietin

92
Q

Supresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

A

Leptin

93
Q

Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices; regulates release of bile from the gallbladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating.

A

Cholecytokinin

94
Q

Maintains pregnancy; helps prepare mammary glands to secrete milk.

A

Estrogen

95
Q

Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

A

Calcitriol

96
Q

Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

97
Q

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juices and bile.

A

Secretin

98
Q

Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

A

Renin

99
Q

What are the full names of Thyroid Hormone 3 and Thyroid Hormone 4?

A

T3: Triiodothyronine
T4: Tetraiodothyronine

kinesiology 2 (4 decks)

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