LP-8 Flashcards
Define epidemiology
The study of health and disease in defined populations and how these states are influenced by heredity, biology, physical environment, social environment, and ways of living.
What are areas of research in epidemiology?
Caries
Trends in Dentistry
Success of Vaccines
Suicide rate of Dental Professionals
What are 3 purposes and reasons for conducting research in DH?
Develop programs
Gathering info for Legislation
Product Evaluation
Research in dentistry is only acceptable if it is?
Evidence-based
Define evidence-based dentistry.
Oral health care that requires judicious integration of systematic assessments of clinically relevant scientific evidence relating to the patient’s oral and medical condition and history with the provider’s clinical expertise and the patient’s treatment needs and preferences.
Evidence-based practice includes what 4 key elements?
- Scientific evidence
- Patient preferences or values
- Clinician experience and judgement
- Clinical or patient circumstances
What are the steps of the scientific method?
- Formulation of the problem (asking the ?)
- Formulation of the hypothesis (proposed answer)
- Collecting the data (existing info. & gathering info)
- Analysis and interpretation of the results
- Presentation of the results
- Formulation of conclusion (Relationship of results to hypothesis)
What are the steps for a Systematic approach to evidence-based DH practice?
- Determine clinical issue
- Develop researchable question
- Conduct search for evidence
- Analyze evidence
- Apply evidence
- Evaluate patient outcomes
If your patient outcomes are not what you expected what should you do?
Return to step one “determine the clinical issue”
During steps 1-4 what should you evaluate as you are going through the steps of a systematic approach?
- Is the clinical issue correctly defined?
- Is the evidence appropriate, valid and current?
What are the levels of evidence based on?
The ability to control for bias and to demonstrate cause and effect.
What are the levels of evidence from top to bottom?
Meta-analysis systematic reviews Randomized controlled trials Cohort studies Case control studies Case reports Ideas, editorials, opinions Animal research In vitro (test tube) research
What are two types of epidemiological studies?
Descriptive studies
Analytic studies
What is a descriptive study?
Describes the existing distribution of disease and other variables, without regard to causal or other hypotheses.
Who is affected
Where the disease/condition occurs
When the disease/condition occurs
What is an analytic study?
Examines associations or hypothesized causal relationships: generally concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of certain risk factors.
Asks why the disease occurred in a particular target population.
What are the 5 research approaches used in public health?
Historical Approach Descriptive Approach Epidemiological Approach Retroactive (Ex Post Facto) Approach Experimental (Prospective) Approach
What is the historical approach?
Natural history studies, data gathering; no intervention is involved (questionnaire, clinical testing)
What is the descriptive approach?
Comprehensively describes a condition or situation; No interventions is involved.
What is the epidemiological approach?
Follows a sub-population of people over time; longitudinal study.
What is the retroactive (Ex Post Facto) approach?
Retrospectively looks at groups of people from the past; usually conducted via medical records.
What is the experimental (Prospective) approach?
Most familiar to the lay population; most common study is done through the double-blind study.
What are the components of a scientific article?
- Title
- Abstract (summary of article)
- Introduction
- Review of literature
- Materials/methods
- Presentation/analysis of data
- Conculsion
The evidence of a scientific article is based on what three levels of literature review?
Primary Literature
Secondary Literature
Tertiary Literature
What is primary literature?
An original research, least condensed published information, most accurate, lease subject to misinterpretation.
What are some examples of primary literature?
Technical reports Theses Dissertation Legal documents Autobiographical information
What is secondary literature?
A summarized version of primary literature, not written by original author.
T or F a biography is an example of primary literature.
False, a biography is considered secondary literature.
What is tertiary literature?
The most diluted form of information.
What are examples of tertiary literature?
Encyclopedias
Dictionary
Merck Manual (Condensed health/medial/drug book series written in lay terms)
What are three categories of publications?
Lay periodical (minimal scientific value) Textbooks (Current =
What are the components of a Manuscript?
Abstract Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion
How is the information disseminated?
Table clinics
Oral presentations
Journal articles
What is the importance of a literary review?
- Summary of Info
- Supports need for current investigation
- Designs current research
- Literature that supports and casts doubts on current investigation should be reported.
What is a sample
A selection of subjects from a population of interest.
What is a probability sample?
A sample chosen with a known probability of including a given subject from the population of interest.
What is a simple random sample?
A probability sample in which each subject has an equal and independent probability of being selected.
What is a stratified random sample?
A sample constructed by drawing simple random samples from two or more subgroups in a population; ensures sufficient number of subjects in a each subgroup.
What is non-probability sample?
A sample chosen in such a way that the probability of selecting a given subject form the population is unknown.
What is a cluster sample?
A non-probability sampling in which the sample is divided into clusters defined by geography or time and a simple random sample is drawn from each cluster.
What is quota sample?
A non-probability sampling in which subjects in a block of predetermined size are selected.
What is a convenience sample?
A non-probability sampling in which subject selection is based on researcher convenience, rather than any subject characteristic.
What is a random sampling?
Every element of population has equal and independent chance of being selected.
What is an example of random sampling?
The lottery
What is stratified sampling?
Divide population into subgroups then random select for example students from all schools are the population each group school, then even numbers from each group.
What is systemic sampling?
Every nth person (count 1,2,3; 1,2,3). Select all 3’s for the sample.
What is judgement sampling?
Expert select sample; risk of bias.
