LP-6 Flashcards
What are two methods of evaluations?
Nonclinical
Clinical
Give examples of nonclinical methods of evaluations.
Fact-to-face personal interviews Telephone interviews Surveys Document analysis Focus Groups Observations
Give examples of clinical methods of evaluations.
Basic screenings
Epidemiological examinations
What are the four types of examination?
Complete examination
Limited examination
Inspection
Screening
Which examination type includes... Mouth mirror and explorer Adequate lighting Laboratory tests Radiographs Study models
Complete Examination
Which examination type includes…
Mouth mirror and explorer
Adequate lighting
Radiographs
Limited Examination
Which examination type includes…
Mouth mirror and explorer
Light source
…and is used by the RDH in public health
Inspection
Which examination type includes…
Tongue depressor
Light source
Screening
What is an index?
A graduated numeric scale with upper and lower limits; scores on the scale correspond to a specific criterion for individuals or populations.
What is a dental index?
An expression of clinical observation in numeric value
What value does an index present?
Allows for comparison with other groups or individuals.
Index scores can be more ? and less ? than a word description of the condition.
consistent/subjective
Why use indices in community health?
Shows prevalence and trends
Provides baseline data
Assesses the needs of a population
Compares and evaluates community programs
What are the 4
categories of Indices?
Simple index
Cumulative
Reversible
Irreversible
What index measures the presence or absence of a condition?
Simple
Which index measures all the evidence of a condition…past and present?
Cumulative
Which index measures the condition that can be reversed or resolved?
Reversible Measures condition that can be reversed or resolved.
Which index measures cumulative condition that cannot be reversed?
Irreversible
What are characteristics of an effective index (7)?
- Simple to use and calculate
- Require minimal expense and equipment
- Uses minimal time to complete
- Clear-cut Criteria; easy to use
- Free from subjective interpretation
- Reproducible
- Does not cause discomfort
- Easily analyzed statistically (has validity and reliability)
Intraexaminer
one examiner
Interexaminer
two or more examiners
What type of indicies are used as caries indices?
DMFT/DMFS: Decayed, missing, filled teeth/surfaces
deft: decayed, need for extraction, filled
dft/dfs: decayed, filled teeth/surfaces
RCI: root caries index
What type of index are caries indices?
irreversible
What are some examples of oral hygiene indices?
OHI-S: Simplified Oral Hygiene Index
PII: Plaque Index
PHP: Patient Hygiene Performance
What type of index are oral hygiene indices?
reversible
What are examples of gingivitis indices?
GI: gingival index
SBI: Sulcular bleeding index
(reversible)
What are some examples of periodontal indices (irreversible)
PDI: periodontal disease index (Ramfjord)
PI: periodontal index (russell)
PSR: periodontal screening and recording
What are some examples fluorosis indices?
Dean’s classification for Dental fluorosis
Calibration
process of ensuring consistency within and among examiner(s)
Community oral health assessment
a multifaceted process of identifying factors that affect the oral health status of a selected population
Data
pieces of information collected using measurements and/or counts
Data collection
the process of gathering information through the use of tools such as dental indices
Epidemiology
The study of the relationships of various factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community; study of health and disease in populations
Formative evaluation
ongoing evaluation to monitor each step in the dental hygiene process of care; ongoing feedback that determines any needed changes
prevalence
the total number of cases of a specific disease or condition in existence in a given population at a certain time
qualitative evaluation
answering the why and how of a dental public health program or research project
quantitative evaluation
a numerical evaluation of a dental public health program or research project
reliability
ability of an index or test procedure to measure consistently at different times and under a variety of conditions; reproducibility; consistency
summative evaluation
formal, standardized evaluation procedures conducted at the end of a treatment series
validity
ability of an index or text procedure to measure what it is intended to measure
