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ANAT100 > LP #104 > Flashcards

LP #104 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system 3 main functions

A

Receives- receptors
Sorts & interprets- control centre
Responds to stimuli-effectors

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2
Q

What are 2 functional mods of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory
  • receiving, sorting & interpreting signals
  • keeping us apprised of what is happening in the internal & external environments
  • motor
  • responding to signals
  • effecting change
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3
Q

Describe the terms afferent & efferent with respect to the nervous system?

A
  • afferent: to the CNS from the PNS

* efferent: to the PNS from the CNS

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4
Q

What are the 4 structural areas of the brain?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
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5
Q

What is the physical relationship between the brain and spinal cord?

A

The SC is the inferior continuation of the brain

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6
Q

How many hemispheres and lobes does the human brain have?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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7
Q

What are the names of the folds and ridges on the cerebral cortex?
What is their purpose?

A
  1. -sulci (shallow grooves)- sulcus (sing)
    - fissures (deep grooves)
    - gyri (ridges)- gyrus (sing)
  2. Major fxn:
    - increase the functional surface area
    - compartmentalize the brain, separating different functional areas
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8
Q

What are the different mapped ‘areas’ of the brain known as?

What are the 3 types of these areas?

A
  • cortical areas are mapped into 52 areas collectively referred to as Brodmann areas
  • sensory, association, motor
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9
Q

Are the left and right hemispheres of the brain identical?

A

Cortices of the two hemispheres are similar but not identical

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10
Q

Name the major sensory (7) of the cerebral cortex

A

Sensory:

  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association area
  • areas of special senses:
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell
  • taste
  • equilibrium
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11
Q

Name the major motor (5) areas of the cerebral cortex

A
  • primary motor area
  • premotor cortex
  • frontal eye field
  • prefrontal cortex
  • Broca’s area
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12
Q

What are the 2 primary functional areas of the diencephalon and what are their functions?

A
  • thalamus: sorts sensory input
  • hypothalamus: integrates & regulates autonomic
  • body temp
  • appetite & thirst
  • water balance
  • circadian rhythms (sleep & wake cycles)
  • endocrine fxn
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13
Q

What are the 3 areas of the drain stem, from superior to inferior?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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14
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates:

  • smooth movement
  • balance
  • posture and m tone
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15
Q

The H in the spinal cord cross section is comprised of?

Surrounding the H is myelinated tissue referred to as?

A
  • the SC contains an H-shaped section of grey matter surrounded by white matter known as white columns
  • bilateral projections of SC grey matter are the dorsal horns, ventral horns, & lateral horns
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16
Q

Distribution of cortical tissue is represented by a funny looking dude known as?

A

Homunculi

17
Q

What are the projections of the H called?

What a re bundles of axons in the CNS known as? In the PNS?

A
  • bundles of axons in the CNS are tracts

* bundles of axon in the PNS are nerves

18
Q

What kind of tissue are the meninges made of?

A

3 protective layers of CT cover the brain and spinal cord

19
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges, from superficial to deep?

A
  • pia mater (inner layer)
  • arachnoid mater (middle layer)
  • dura mater (outer layer)
20
Q

How many cranial and spinal nerves are there?

Are spinal nerves sensory, motor or mixed? Cranial nerves?

A 
*PNS consists of all nerve structures that lie outside the brain & SC:
Cranial nerves (12 pairs) 
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
  • all spinal nn are mixed
  • cranial nn can be sensory or motor or mixed
21
Q

How many connections does a spinal nerve have to the spinal cord?

  • name them
  • describe them functionally
A

Spinal nn have 2 connections to the SC:

  • Ventral root- contains motor fibers
  • Dorsal root- contains sensory fibers
22
Q

What are the somatic branches off a spinal nerve?

What are the autonomic branches off a spinal nerve called?

A

Rami: ramus= branches
*somatic branches of mixed spinal nerves are the dorsal & ventral ram (contain both sensory & motor nerve fibres)

*automonic branches of spinal nerves are the rami communicantes (contain sympathetic fibres)

23
Q

What are the 5 main peripheral nerves to branches off the brachial plexus?
What nerves do the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves generally become?

A
  • radial
  • musculocutaneous
  • median
  • ulnar
  • axillary

*ventral rami of thoracic nerves become intercostal/subcostal nerves

24
Q

What are the 2 main nerves that come off the lumbar plexus?

What is the Lumbosacral trunk?

A
  • femoral
  • Obturator
  • lumbosacral plexus
  • overlap of lumbar & sacral nn at lumbosacral trunk, L5 SC segment
25
Q

What is the primary nerve that comes off the sacral plexus, and what are its main branches (divisions)?

A
  • sciatic n
  • common fibular
  • deep fibular
  • superficial fibular
  • tibial
26
Q

Which spinal nerve rami contribute fibres to a nerve plexus?
What are the 4 somatic nerve plexuses, and what spinal roots to they receive fibres from?

A
  • contributing to the plexuses are the ventral rami of spinal nerves
  • cervical (C1-C4): neck, scalp & shoulder
  • brachial (C5-T1): upper limb
  • lumbar (L1-L4): lower limb
  • sacral (L4-S4): gluteal region & lower limb
27
Q

List the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

A

I. Olfactory- nose (sense of smell)- sensory
II. Optic- eye (sense of vision)- sensory
III. Oculomotor- extrinsic eye mm- motor
IV. Trochlear- extrinsic eye mm- motor
V. Trigeminal- mm of mastication; sensory to face- mixed
VI. Abducens- extrinsic eye mm- motor
VII. Facial- mm of facial expression- mixed
VII. Vestibulocochlear- ear (hearing & balance)- sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal- tongue & pharynx; salivary glands- mixed
X. Vagus- heart, lungs, abdominal viscera- mixed
XI. Accessory- SCM, trapezius- motor
XII. Hypo gloss all- tongue- motor

28
Q

Where do each o the cranial nerves originate?

A 
The sensory only cranial nerves originate in the special sense organs. 
The rest of the nerves originate in numerical order from the brain stem (from top to bottom) 
CN I: nose 
CN II: eyes 
CN IV: ears 
CNs III, IV: midbrain
CNs V, VI, VII: pons 
CNs IX, X, XI, XII: medulla oblongata
29
Q

Define dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by sensory fibres from a single dorsal root

30
Q

How is dermatomal Innervation different from peripheral cutaneous Innervation?

A
  • peripheral cutaneous nerves vs. Nerves supplying a dermatome:
  • Innervation of a dermatome arises from a single SC segment
  • peripheral nerves may originate from different SC segments
31
Q

Define myotome

A
  • a group of mms supplied by nerves whose fibres arise primarily from a single ventral nerve root
  • the mms perform a common action
32
Q

How is myotomal Innervation different from peripheral motor Innervation?

A
  • peripheral motor nerves vs. Nerves supplying a myotome:
  • Innervation of a myotome arises from a single SC segment
  • peripheral nerves typically originate from different SC segments
33
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

How do we briefly describe their functions?

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • rest & digest
  • sympathetic
  • fight or flight
34
Q

What is the difference in the motor units between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Somatic motor unit includes one neuron & the skeletal mms cells it innervates
  • autonomic motor unit includes 2 neurons in a pathway (pre-ganglionic & post-ganglionic) & the effector
35
Q

Rami communicantes: are they associated with the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division

36
Q

The paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia: are they associated with the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division

ANAT100 (8 decks)

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