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Pathology 4 Quiz 2 > Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

0
Q

… can cause hydronephrosis to develop

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

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1
Q

when symptomatic, ureteral anomalies can contribute to either partial or complete obstruction of urine flow in the affected uereter with the potential for development of

A

hydronephrosis

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2
Q

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction usually presents in … rather than … and occurs more commonly in …

A

Infants children; adults; males

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3
Q

Most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children

A

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

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4
Q

Saccular outpouchings of the organs

A

Ureteral, bladder or urethral diverticuli

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5
Q

Can cause urinary stasis and thus increase the incidence of urinary infection

A

ureteral, bladder, or urethral diverticuli

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6
Q

Dilation of one or both ureters

A

hydroureter

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7
Q

may occur as a congenital anomaly or may develop later in life

A

hydroureter

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8
Q

massive enlargement of the ureter

A

megaloureter

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9
Q

abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into the ureters and potentially kidneys

A

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

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10
Q

What are 2 underlying causes of secondary VUR?

A

neurogenic bladder and chronic recurrent UTI

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11
Q

general term that describes an increased number of lymphocytes in the subepithelial region that results as a consequence of chronic localized inflammation

A

ureteritis follicularis

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12
Q

characterized by slight elevations of ureteral mucosa that give fine granular appearance to the mucosal surface

A

ureteritis follicularis

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13
Q

term used to describe the inflammatory state which causes the mucosa to appear as if it has been sprinkled with fine cysts that measure from 1 to 5mm

A

ureteritis cystica

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14
Q

Obstructive lesions of the ureter: renal origin, usually <5mm in size

A

calculi

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15
Q

majority of malignancies of the ureter

A

transitional cell carcinomas

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16
Q

results as a consequence of the failure of normal development of the anterior wall of the abdomen and often abnormal development of the bladder as well

A

exstropy of the bladder

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17
Q

These patients have an increased risk for development of bladder adenocarcinoma later in life

A

Exstropy of the bladder

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18
Q

pouch like eversion or evagination of the bladder wall

A

diverticuli

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19
Q

may be due to a focal failure of development of normal musculature in the area of the … or as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction during fetal organogenesis or subsequent organ growth

A

congenital diverticuli

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20
Q

Inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder.

A

Cystitis

21
Q

Types of cystitis (6)

A

Acute bacterial cystitis, chronic bacterial cystitis, interstitial cystitis, eosinophilic cystitis, radiation cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis

22
Q

Common UTI pathogens (5)

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus vulgarus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

23
Q

rare in the US but quite common in the Middle East, especially in Egypt

A

Schistosomiasis

24
Q

chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. May show varying degrees of fibrosis

A

chronic cystitis

25
Q

Can result in changes to the bladder lining

A

chronic cystitis

26
Q

inflammatory cells in the lamina propria with surrounding edema. Lymphocytes have formed a germinal center

A

chronic cystitis

27
Q

Particular pattern of bladder change as a result of chronic inflammation

A

malakoplakia

28
Q

Raised mucosal plaques that range in size from 0.1 to 5cm

A

malakoplakia

29
Q

characterized by the presence of foamy histocytes with distinctive round basophilic inclusions

A

malakolakia (known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies)

30
Q

pathognomonic feature of malakoplakia

A

Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

31
Q

Rare form of cystitis in which the bladder wall is infiltrated with a high number of eosinophils

A

Eosinophilic cystitis

32
Q

May represent a form of interstitial cystitis

A

eosinophilic cystitis

33
Q

Urinary bladder disease of unknown origin characterized by pain associated with urination, urinary frequency, urgency and pressure in the bladder area and/or pelvis

A

interstitial cystitis

34
Q

Pain of … is often worsened by certain foods or drinks, worsened with bladder filling, and improved after urination

A

interstitial cystitis

35
Q

Hemorrhages along the bladder wall, bladder scarring, and trabeculations

A

Interstitial cystitis

36
Q

Pathognomonic lesion of IC, form of bladder wall ulceration

A

Hunner’s ulcer

37
Q

Non infectious cystitis can be caused by what type of drugs?

A

Cytotoxic antitumor drugs such as Cyclophosphamide or Methotrexate

38
Q

Benign bladder tumor with a high frequency of recurrence

A

Transitional cell papillomas

39
Q

In up to 7% of recurrences the epithelial cells show cytological features consistent with malignancy

A

transitional cell papillomas

40
Q

individual branching papillary fronds with central, loose fibrovascular core covered by normal looking transitional epithelium

A

benign bladder tumors

41
Q

Most common type of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma (aka urothelial cell carcinoma)

42
Q

Second most common form of bladder cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

43
Q

What increases the risk of bladder cancer 3-7 fold?

A

Cigarette smoking

44
Q

50-80% of all cases of bladder cancer in men are associated with what?

A

cigarette smoking

45
Q

In addition to smoking cigarettes, risk factors in bladder cancer (2)

A

long term use of analgesics, radiation to the bladder area

46
Q

Type of urinary infection that markedly increases the risk for development of bladder cancer

A

schistosomiasis

47
Q

70% of schistosomiasis related bladder cancer cases are what type of cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (remainder transitional cell carcinoma)

48
Q

Multifocal lesions that can be found from the renal pelvis to the distal urethra

A

Bladder cancer

49
Q

Most common form of precancerous lesion in the bladder

A

Noninvasive papillary tumors that arise from papillary transitional cell hyperplasia

50
Q

Less common distinctive precursor lesion to bladder cancer

A

flat, urothelial carcinoma in situ

Pathology 4 Quiz 2 (3 decks)

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