Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of? (LRT)

Answer 1

Trachea, main primary bronchi and its branches, lungs and pleurae

Question 2

Where does the the LRT receive motor innervation from?

Answer 2

Sympathetic fibers via pulmonary plexus and parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve

Question 3

What does the arterial supply of the LRT arise via?

Answer 3

Bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries

Question 4

Where does the bronchial vein drain into?

Answer 4

They drain to the azygos vein system

Question 5

The trachea is the continuation of the larynx at what vertebral level?

Answer 5

T6

Question 6

What vertebral level does the trachea extend inferiority to?

Answer 6

T4 (sternal angle)

Question 7

How many hyaline cartilage rings comprise the trachea?

Answer 7

20

Question 8

What is the muscle that completes the cartilage rings of the trachea?

Answer 8

Trachealis muscle

Question 9

Does the trachealis muscle lie anterior or posteriorly to the trachea?

Answer 9

Posteriorly

Question 10

What is the name of the final keel shaped cartillage rings at the bifurcation of the trachea called?

Answer 10

Carina

Question 11

What are the arteries that lie immediately lateral to the trachea?

Answer 11

Carotid arteries

Question 12

What is the nerve that lies immediately lateral to the trachea?

Answer 12

Vagus nerve

Question 13

What are the grooves lying between the trachea and esophagus on both sides called?

Answer 13

Tracheo-esophageal grooves

Question 14

At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into 2 main bronchi?

Answer 14

T4

Question 15

What are the 2 major arteries which arch over the left main bronchus?

Answer 15

Aorta and the pulmonary artery

Question 16

The right main bronchus gives off a branch just before entering the lung. What is this branch known as?

Answer 16

Epartierial / superior lobar bronchus

Question 17

Name 2 features found on the left lung which is not found on the right lung.

Answer 17

Presence of cardiac notch and lingula

Question 18

On which lung surface is the hilum found?

Answer 18

Medial / mediastinal

Question 19

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 19

An area found on the surface of the lung where vessels and nerves enter and leave the lung

Question 20

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 20

The blood vessels and nerves which enter the lung from the hilum

Question 21

What 4 structures constitute the hilum of the lung?

Answer 21

Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Superior pulmonary vein
Inferior pulmonary vein

Question 22

What fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

Answer 22

Cervical pleura

Question 23

Within the hilum, which structure is most posterior and anterior?

Answer 23

Bronchi posterior

Superior pulmonary vein

Question 24

Within the hilum, what structure is most superior and inferior?

Answer 24

Pulmonary artery - superior

Inferior pulmonary vein - inferior

Question 25

What is situated above the pulmonary artery in the hilum of the right lung?

Answer 25

Eparterial bronchus

Question 26

What is situated below the pulmonary artery in the hilum of the right lung?

Answer 26

Hyparterial bronchus

Question 27

What is clustered around the veins at the hilum?

Answer 27

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

Question 28

Concerning the pulmonary circulation, from the right atrium where is blood pumped through?

Answer 28

Tricuspid valve

Question 29

Concerning the pulmonary circulation, where is blood pumped through when it leaves the right ventricle?

Answer 29

The pulmonary valve