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pharm final > Lower respiratory disorders > Flashcards

Lower respiratory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major categories of lower respiratory tract disorders:

A

COPD, restrictive pulmonary disease

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2
Q

This lower respiratory disorder is caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of airflow to the lung tissues is defined as:

A

COPD (caused by asthma and other factors)

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3
Q

An inflammatory disorder of the airway walls associated with varying amounts of airway obstruction is defined as:

A

asthma

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4
Q

What are the two things internally that can cause asthma:

A

inflamed/edematous bronchial airways; increased in mucous production all triggered by stimuli

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5
Q

What are the common S/S of asthma:

A

wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, tightness of chest early in the morning or at night

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6
Q

What is bronchial asthma characterized by:

A

bronchospasm (constricted bronchioles), wheezing, mucus secretion, dyspnea d/t resistance of airflow from obstructed airway

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7
Q

What occurs when allergens attach themselves to mast cells and basophils:

A

chemical mediators are released: histamines, cytokines, serotonin, eosinophil chemotaxis factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), leukotrines

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8
Q

What do the chemical mediators trigger:

A

stimulates bronchiole constriction, mucous secretion, inflammation, pulmonary congestion

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9
Q

Which of the chemical mediators are the most potent in bronchoconstricting:

A

histamine; ECF-A

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10
Q

What is the end result after exposure to an allergen:

A

bronchial hyperresponsivness, epithelial shedding, mucous hypersecretion, plasma leakage, bronchoconstriction

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11
Q

This type of asthmatic medication increases cAMP causing dilation of bronchioles; has nonselective (alpha-B2 adrenergic) and selective (beta-adrenergic) drugs is defined as what type of category:

A

sympathomimetics

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12
Q

What type of sympathomimetics is given for an acute bronchospasm caused by anaphylaxis and what are the examples:

A

non-selective (alpha-B2 adrenergic agonists); epinephrine (adrenalin)

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13
Q

What type of sympathomimetics is given for bronchospasm associated w/chronic asthma or COPD and what are the examples:

A

selective (beta-adrenergic drugs); isoproterenol, metaproterend; albuterol

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14
Q

What are the side/adverse effects of epinephrine:

A

CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS (EKG), angina, palpations, HTN, dizziness, tremors

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15
Q

What is the first beta-adrenergic agent that’s nonselective to B1-B2; inhaled, seldom prescribed:

A

isoproterenol

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16
Q

This type of sympathominetic beta-adernergic agent reverses bronchospasm by relaxing the smooth muscle; is BEST USED FOR AN ACUTE ASTHMA ATTACK AS IT HAS A FAST ONSET is called:

A

metaproterenol

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17
Q

This beta-2 adrenergic is effective for Tx and control of asthma caused by bronchodilation ; has a long duration of action is called:

A

Albuterol (proventil)

18
Q

What are the side effects of beta-2 adrenergics:

A

PALPATIONS (EKG), tremors, increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, increased glucose, HA, nervousness

19
Q

What are some side effects of using an aerosol inhaler:

A

dry mouth, throat irritation, tremors, paradoxial airway resistance (bronchoconstriction)

20
Q

What is the common name of an anticholinergic that’s often combined with abuterol (more effective combined then used on its own) and has fewer side effects compared to other anticholinergics:

A

Ipratropium (atrovent)

21
Q

How should atrovent be administer when taking a beta-agonist aerosol:

A

Administer beta-agonist aerosol 5 min before giving the atrovent

22
Q

How should atrovent be administer when taking an inhaled steroid:

A

Administer atrovent 5 min before giving the steroid so that the bronchioles are dilated and the steroid can be absorbed

23
Q

What asthmatic drug category has an effect on the respiration and pulmonary vessels (dilates coronary/pulmonary vessels) and increases cAMP (dilates bronchiole vessels):

A

Methylxanthine derivatives

24
Q

What are some examples of methylxanthine derivatives:

A

aminophyline, theophylline, caffeine

25
Q

This methylxanthine relaxes sm muscle of the: bronchioles, pulmonary by inhibiting phosphodiesterase thus increaseing cAMP (dilation):

A

Theophylline

26
Q

Why is theophylline not used very often in asthmatic pts:

A

Low therapeutic index/narrow range

27
Q

What are the adverse reactions of Theophylline:

A

cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, palpations, SZ, hyperglycemia

28
Q

What effect does the chemical mediator Leukotrine cause in the lungs:

A

increase eosinophilmigration, mucous production, airway wall edema

29
Q

This asthamtic drug reduces inflammation caused by leukotrines, used for exercised-induced asthma, NOT recommended for ACUTE ASTHMA ATTACKS:

A

Leukotrined antagonists (SINGULAIR)

30
Q

What member of the corticosteroid family is used to treat respiratroy disorders, typically asthma:

A

Glucocorticoids (dexmethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone)

31
Q

When are glucocorticoids Rx:

A

If asthma is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy or if pt has an asthma attack while on high doses of theophylline or adernergic drugs

32
Q

When are glucocorticoids considered to have a synergistic effect:

A

when combined with beta-2 agonists

33
Q

Why are glucocorticoids inhalation preferred over the oral route:

A

Oral route causes adrenal suppression

34
Q

When glucocorticoids are discontinued abruptly after S/S of asthma are controlled-which also avois adrenal supression-is defined as:

A

short-term use

35
Q

When glucocorticoids are weaned or tapered off to prevent exacerbation of S/S and adrenal suppression, it is defined as:

A

long-term use

36
Q

What is a popular glucocorticoid combination drug that effectively controls S/S of asthma if taken BID by alleviating airway constriction and inflammation:

A

Advair

37
Q

How can fungal infections of the mouth (candida albicans) d/t glucocorticoids be reversed or prevented:

A

Using a spacer, discontinue the grug and take antifungal meds, and rinsing mouth out with water after each dose

38
Q

What are the side effects of glucocorticoids:

A

throat irritation, fungal infections, hoarshness, dry mouth, coughing

39
Q

Mast cell stabalizers: suppresses the release of histamine

A

Cromolyn/Nedocromil; inhibits IGE from causing mast cells to release chemical mediators; NOT USED FOR ACUTE ATACKS; prevents bronchospasms and attacks; Used BEFORE exercise

40
Q

What is Rx to a pt to liquefy/loosen thick mucus secretions; SHOULD NOT BE MIXED WITH OTHER DRUGS; given HHN; adjunct to bronchodilator:

A

Mucomysts (belongs to the mucolytics)

41
Q

What are the side effects of mucolytics:

A

STOMATITIS, runny nose, N/V

42
Q

What is the asthmatic therapy for children:

A

Cromolyn/nedocromil, oral glucocorticoids, oral beta-2 agonists

pharm final (5 decks)

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