Lower Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
Tracheal reinforcements function
cartilage rings keep the trachea from collapsing when you inhale
Number of tracheal reinforcements
16-20 C-shaped rings
Composition of tracheal reinforcements
hyaline cartilage
Location of trachea
anterior to the esophagus
Order of respiratory tree structures from largest to smallest
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
Number and characteristics of primary (main) bronchioles
Number: one for each lung
Cartilage: present
Zone: conducting
Structural feature: right bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left
Number and characteristics of secondary bronchioles (lobar bronchi)
Number: 3 on the right and 2 on the left
Cartilage: present
Zone: conducting
Structure Feature: more smooth muscle primary bronchiole to allow for stretch
Number and characteristics of tertiary bronchioles (segmental bronchi)
Number: 10 on the right and 8 on the left
Cartilage: present
Zone: conducting
Number and characteristics of bronchioles
Number: many branching from the tertiary bronchi
Cartilage: absent
Zone: conducting
Structural feature: well-developed layer of smooth muscle
Number and characteristics of terminal bronchioles
Number: 50-80 from each bronchiole
Cartilage: absent
Zone: conducting
Structural feature: ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Number and characteristics of respiratory bronchioles
Number: 2 or more from each terminal bronchiole
Cartilage: absent
Zone: respiratory
Structural feature: contain alveoli
Number and characteristics of alveolar ducts
Number: 2-10 from each respiratory bronchiole
Cartilage: absent
Zone: respiratory
Structural feature: elongated, thin-walled passages with alveoli
Number and characteristics of alveolar sacs
Number: multiple from each alveolar duct
Cartilage: absent
Zone: respiratory
Structural feature: clusters of alveoli around a central space
Number and characteristics of alveoli
Number: 480 million in each lung
Cartilage: no
Zone: respiratory
Structural feature: thin-walled sacs for gas exchange
Difference between right and left lungs
Right:
- 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
- fissures: horizontal, oblique
Left:
- 2 lobes: inferior and superior
- oblique fissure
- cardiac impression
Pathway of airflow from the nasal cavity
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- trachea
- main bronchus
- lobar bronchus
- segemental bronchus
- bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar duct
- alveolus
Function of pleurae
serous membrane surrounding the lungs for protection
Function of pleural fluid
serous fluid between the lungs and the pleural membrane that acts as a lubricant
Where is blood flowing to and from in the pulmonary arteries and veins?
arteries: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
veins: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Types of alveolar cells
type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages
Type I pneumocyte structure and function
Structure: thin, broad cells
Function: rapid O2 and CO2 exchange between air and blood
Type II pneumocyte structure and function
Structure: round to cuboidal cells
Function: repair damaged alveolar epithelium; secretes pulmonary surfactant to prevent pulmonary collapse
Alveolar macrophage structure and function
Structure: wander freely within alveoli
Function: phagocytize debris, dust particles, and pathogens
What is a lung segment?
a functional unit of the lung
