Lower Limbs Flashcards
articulations of tibia
superior: condyles of femur
inferior: talus
articulations of fibula
superior: tibia
inferior: ASK – not clear
bones of the thigh
femur
main function of knee ligaments
prevent hyperextension
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa; can be caused by injury, infection, and exercise
surface anatomy of fibula
- head
- neck
- lateral malleolus
gluteal fold
where the butt meets the thigh
general function of lower limb
- organ of locomotion
- weight bearing
- maintaining balance
spray of vessels at neck of femur
branches of femoral artery
line of gravity in the body releative to lower limb
- behind the hip joint
- in front of hip joint
varicose veins
dilated, lengthened, twisted veins
anterior tibial artery serves:
serves the anterior elevator muscles
fascia lata
membranous layer of fascia that surrounds the thigh muscles
formal name for bruise
contusion
what does the buttocks refer to?
the gluteal region; posterior prominence on each side of the body; made up of gluteal muscle and CT
problem with varicose veins
- dilation can be a problem because it can lead to pooling
- issues of edema or muscle cramps
bones of the leg
tibia (on medial side) and fibula (on lateral side)
fascia of thigh
superficial fascia
- fatty layer
- membrane layer
function of fibula
muscle attachment site and stabilizes ankle
surface anatomy of tibia
- medial malleolus
- medial condyle
- tibial tuberosity <– really important landmark
main movementes of ankle joint
dorsiflexion
- produced by muscles in anterior compartment of leg (i.e. tibialis anterior, ex. hallucis longus, ext. digitorum longus)
plantarflexion
- produced by muscles in posterior compartment of leg (i.e. gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum hallucis, tibialis posterior)
interosseus membrane
membrane between the tibia and fibula
tibiocondylar cavity
located between each femoral condyle and tibia
borders of the thigh
- extends from hip to knee
- anterior: inguinal ligament to knee
- posterior: gluteal fold to popliteal fossa
why is there so much stress on the knees?
bipedal posture puts a lot of stress on the knees out of virtue of the knees not being located directly beneath the hips and, instead, sitting at an angle to the hips
we have a stability weakness between the hip and knee
role of menisci
- cushion the knee joint
- shock absorption
- help distribute body weight
- helps to fill the gap between condyles and tibia
- evenly distribute synovial fluid
- provide some joint stability
patellar hammer reaction – what’s wrong if there’s no reaction
- patellar ligament is what gets hit during a doctor’s visit to check for reaction
- tests leg extension – the following could be wrong if there’s no reaction
- quadricep muscles and femoral nerve
- spinal rami: L2, L3, and L4
function of the butt
- food storage organ during pregnancy
- sexual stimuli releaser
charley horse
contusion and tearing of muscles; common in the quad
bony landmarks of gluteal region (6)
- iliac crest
- ischial spine
- anterior superior iliac spine
- posterior superior iliac spine
- greater sciatic notch
- lesser sciatic notch
superior and inferior border of gluteal region (buttocks)
superior border: iliac crest
inferior border: inferior border of gluteus maximus
compartment
compartment is a group of muscles with similar functions
cavities of the knee joint
- 2 tibiocondylar cavities
- 1 subpatellar cavity
small saphneous vein dumps into ___
popliteal vein
bursa
fluid-filled sac; lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
when do femoral artery and vein become popliteal artery and vein?
at the back of the thigh after the popliteal region
vessels of the thigh (that we need to know)
- femoral artery and vein
- great saphneous vein
- small saphneous vein
path: femoral vein to heart
femoral vein
external iliac vein
common iliac vein
inferior vena cava
heart
great saphneous vein starts at ___ and empties into ___
- empties into femoral vein
- starts at medial malleus of tibia
depressor
muscle that draws a body part down
subpatellar cavity
located between patella and front of femur
what does peroneal artery serve?
serves soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus (depressor muscles that arise from the fibula)
ligaments of the knee
- medial (tibial) collateral (MCL)
- lateral (fibular) collateral (LCL)
- anterior cruciate (ACL)
- posterio cruciate (PCL)
knee joint superlatives
one of the largest, most superficial and least stable joints in the body
what is buttocks made of?
“fat storage bodies at the top of your thigh
lumps of subcutaneous fascia filled with dense connective tissue”
vessels of the leg
- anterior tibial artery
- peroneal artery
- posterior tibial artery
- popliteal artery
visual of artery branching in leg
If you paralyze your quads could you walk and stand?
- coud walk with legs straight
- could stand with knee hyperextended
path: dorsal aorta to femoral artery
dorsal aorta
common iliac
external iliac
femoral artery
causes of varicose veins
- genetics
- pregnancy (increased pressure so blood can’t get back)
- obesity (too much pressure, blood can’t get back)
- abdominal tumor
nerve supply to lower limb
lumbar plexus
- origins: L1 - L4
- ventral rami
sacral plexus:
- origins: L4, L5, S1-S4
- ventral rami
menisci
c-shaped fibrocartilaginous discs attached to superior aspect of tibia
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
prevent anterior displacement of femur
originates at the intercondylar fossa
human stance
bidpedal stance
back of the knee is calle:
the popliteal fossa
anterior thigh muscles
- sartorius
- tensor fascia lata
- quadriceps femurs (technically single muscle with four heads)
MCL
medial/tibial collateral ligament
extends from medial epicondyle of femur to tibia
prevent medial displacement of the femur and hyperextension
IT band
IT = iliotibial tract
anterior superior iliac spine to lateral condyle of tibia
lateral thickening of the fascia lata
function of tibia
supports most of the body’s weight (2nd largest bone in the body)
how does knee joint get its strength and stability?
relies on ligaments
what is a ventral ramus?
from wikipedia: The ventral ramus (pl. rami) (Latin for branch) (ventral ramus), is the anterior division of a spinal nerve. Theventral rami supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk and the limbs.
diarthrosis
synovial joint; highly mobile joint
LCL
lateral/fibular collateral ligament
extends from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula
prevents lateral displacement of femur and hyperextension
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior displacement of femur
originates at intercondylar fossa
major components of lower limb
- pelvic girdle
- thigh
- leg
- foot
what does posterior tibial artery serve?
gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus
superlatives of gluteus maximus
largest, heaviest, most coarsely fibered muscle in the body
flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus relation to one another
these muscles cross over one another; from the medial and lateral aspect they originate opposite to how they insert
entire knee joint covered by _____ (except articular cartilage and mensa)
synovial membrane
“peronal”
refers to the fibula
