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Human Gross Anatomy > Lower Limb Reading Questions > Flashcards

Lower Limb Reading Questions Flashcards

0
Q

Lower limb has 6 major regions

A
  1. Gluteal region
  2. Femoral region
  3. Knee region
  4. Leg region
  5. Ankle or talocrural region
  6. Foot region
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1
Q

Lower limbs are connected to the trunk by

A

the pelvic girdle - a bony ring composed of the sacrum and right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

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2
Q

Gluteal region

A
  • transitional zone between the trunk and free lower limbs

- includes the buttocks and hip region, which overlies the hip joint and greater trochanter of the femur

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3
Q

Femoral region

A
  • also referred to as the thigh

- contains most of the femur, which connects hip and knee joints

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4
Q

Knee region

A
  • contains distal femur, proximal tibia and fibula, patella, and joints between them
    (fat-filled hollow posterior to the knee is called the popliteal fossa)
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5
Q

Leg region

A
  • connects knee and ankle joints and contains tibia and fibula
  • calf of leg is posterior prominence
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6
Q

Ankle or talocrural region

A
  • includes narrow distal part of leg and ankle (talocrural) joint
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7
Q

Foot region

A
  • distal part of lower limb, contains tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
  • superior surface = dorsum of foot
  • inferior surface = sole or plantar region
  • toes = digits of foot (great toe only 2 phalanges, others have 3)
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8
Q

triradiate cartilage

A
  • separates ilium, ischium, and pubis until about 15-17 years of age
  • bones begin to fuse 15-17 and complete between 20 and 25
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9
Q

linea aspera

A

prominent double-edged ridge on posterior aspect of femur

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10
Q

femoral condyles (medial and lateral) of femur articulate with

A

tibial condyles to form the knee join

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11
Q

angle of inclination

A
  • adult = 115 to 140 degrees (avg. 126 degrees)

- angle is less in females because of increased width between the acetabula and the greater obliquity of the shaft

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12
Q

torsion angle or angle of declination

A
  • axis of head and neck of femur and transverse axis of femoral condyles intersect at axis of shaft of femur
  • 7 degrees in males
  • 12 degrees in females
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13
Q

tibia articulates with

A
  • femoral condyles superiorly
  • talus inferiorly
  • fibula laterally at proximal and distal ends
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14
Q

medial malleolus

A

inferiorly directed projection from medial side of distal end of tibia

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15
Q

nutrient foramen

A

located on posterior aspect of proximal third of tibia - nutrient canal runs inferiorly from it and opens into medullary (marrow) cavity

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16
Q

fibula

A
  • lies posterolateral to tibia and serves mainly as muscle attachment
  • distal end forms lateral malleolus, which is more prominent and more posteriorly placed than the medial malleolus
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17
Q

lateral malleolus

A

helps hold talus in socket

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18
Q

interosseous membrane

A

connects tibia and fibula

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19
Q

greater sciatic foramen

A
  • formed by sacrospinous ligament
  • passageway for structures entering or leaving the pelvis
    “door through which arteries and nerves leave the pelvis and enter the gluteal region”
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20
Q

lesser sciatic foramen

A
  • formed by sacrotuberous ligament

- passageway for structures entering or leaving perineum

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21
Q

superficial layer of muscles of gluteal region

A
  • glutei maximus, medius, and minimus

- tensor fascia latae

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22
Q

deep layer of muscles of gluteal region

A

piriformis
obturatur internus
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris

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23
Q

gluteal bursae

A

membranous sacs containing a capillary layer of synovial fluid, separate the gluteus maximus from adjacent structures

  • trochanteric bursa
  • ischial bursa
  • gluteofemoral bursa
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24
Q

trochanteric bursa

A

separates superior part of gluteus maximus from greater trochanter of femur

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25
Q

ischial bursa

A

separates inferior part of gluteus maximus from ischial tuberosity

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26
Q

gluteofemoral bursa

A

separates the iliotibial tract from superior part proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis

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27
Q

posterior thigh muscles

A

hamstrings: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head
short head of biceps femoris - not part of hamstrings bc it crosses only the knee joint

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28
Q

external fibrous layer of joint capsule

A
  • attaches proximally on hip bone to bony rim of acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament
  • distally, it attaches to femoral neck anteriorly at the intertrochanteric line and at root of greater trochanter
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29
Q

iliofemoral ligament

A
  • reinforces hip joint anteriorly and superiorly
  • attaches to the AIIS and acetabular rim proximally and intertrochanteric line distally
  • prevents hyperextension of the hip joint during standing
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30
Q

pubofemoral ligament

A
  • reinforces hip joint inferiorly and anteriorly
  • arises from the obturator crest of the pubic bone and passes laterally and inferiorly to merge with the fibrous layer of joint capsule
  • tightens during extension and abduction of the hip
  • prevents overabduction of hip
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31
Q

ischiofemoral ligament

A
  • reinforces hip joint posteriorly
  • arises from the ischial part of acetabular rim and spirals superolaterally to neck of femur, medial to base of greater trochanter
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32
Q

arteries supplying the hip joint

A
  • medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries - branch of the profunda femoris artery
  • main blood supply is from retinacular arteries arising as branches from the circumflex femoral arteries
  • artery to the head of femur - branch of obturator artery
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33
Q

nerve supply of hip joint

A
  • femoral nerve, anteriorly
  • obturator nerve, inferiorly,
  • superior gluteal nerve, superiorly
  • nerve to quadratus femoris, posteriorly
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34
Q

medial circumflex femoral artery

A

supplied most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur

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35
Q

Highest point of iliac crest is at level of

A

IV disc between L4 and L5 vertebrae

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36
Q

deep fascia of thigh is called

A

fascia lata

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37
Q

iliotibial tract

A
  • continuation of fascia lata
  • aponeurosis of tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus muscles
  • extends from iliac tubercle to anterolateral tibial tubercle on lateral condyle of tibia
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38
Q

Saphenous opening

A
  • gap or hiatus in fascia lata inferior to medial part of inguinal ligament
  • medial margin is smooth, but superior, lateral, and inferior margins form sharp edge - falciform margin
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39
Q

Cribriform fascia

A

localized membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue that spreads over saphenous opening, enclosing it

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40
Q

What passes through saphenous opening and cribriform fascia

A
  • great saphenous vein and some efferent lymphatics

- and enter femoral vein and deep inguinal lymph nodes, respectively

41
Q

Crural fascia

A
  • continuous with fascia lata and attaches to anterior and medial borders of tibia, where it is continuous with periosteum
  • forms extensor retinacula
42
Q

Two major superficial veins of lower limb

A

great and small saphenous veins

43
Q

Great saphenous vein is formed by

A

union of dorsal digital vein of great toe and dorsal venous arch of foot

44
Q

Small saphenous vein is formed by

A

union of dorsal digital vein of fifth digit with dorsal venous arch

45
Q

Deep veins of leg flow into

A

Popliteal vein, which becomes the femoral vein

46
Q

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end in

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

47
Q

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein enter

A

popliteal lymph nodes

48
Q

Deep lymphatic vessels of leg

A

accompany deep veins and enter popliteal lymph nodes

49
Q

Axial Line

A
  • the line of junction of dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels
  • dermatomes do not overlap at this point
50
Q

Varicose veins occur in

A

Great saphenous vein and its tributaries

51
Q

Adductor Hiatus

A

opening between the distal aponeurotic attachment of the adductor part of the adductor magnus and the tendon of the hamstring part

52
Q

Adductor Hiatus transmits

A

the femoral artery and vein from the anterior compartment of the thigh to the popliteal fossa posterior to the knee

53
Q

Femoral Triangle Boundaries

A
  • Superiorly by inguinal ligament, which forms base of femoral triangle
  • Medially by adductor longus
  • Laterally by sartorius; the apex is where the medial border of the sartorius crosses the lateral border of the adductor longus
  • Floor: iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
  • Roof: fascia lata, cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and skin (fascia - fascia of thigh = fascia lata)
54
Q

Femoral Triangle Contents

A
  • Femoral Nerve and its terminal branches
  • Femoral Artery and several of its branches (bisects tri. with vein)
  • Femoral Vein and its proximal tributaries
  • Femoral canal
  • Deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels
55
Q

Adductor Canal extends from

A

apex of femoral triangle, where sartorius crosses over adductor longus, to adductor hiatus in the tendon of adductor magnus

  • passage for femoral artery and vein, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis
56
Q

Adductor Canal Boundaries

A

anteriorly and laterally: vastus medialis

posteriorly: adductor longus and adductor magnus
medially: sartorius

57
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Largest branch of lumbar plexus

58
Q

Saphenous Nerve

A
  • terminal cutaneous branch of femoral nerve
  • descends through femoral triangle
  • accompanies femoral vein and artery through adductor canal
59
Q

Compartments of femoral sheath

A

lateral: femoral artery
intermediate: femoral vein
medial: femoral canal - smallest of the 3 compartments

60
Q

Femoral Artery

A
  • chief artery to lower limb - continuation of external iliac artery
61
Q

Profunda femoris artery

A
  • largest branch of femoral artery and chief artery to thigh
  • arises from femoral artery in femoral triangle
  • 3 or 4 perforating arteries
  • circumflex femoral arteries are usually branches
62
Q

Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

A

supplies muscles on lateral side of thigh

63
Q

Femoral Vein

A

continuation of popliteal vein

64
Q

Obturator Artery and Nerve

A

artery: arises from the internal iliac artery
supplies: obturator externus, pectineus, adductors of thigh, and gracilis
nerve (L2-L4): supplies adductor longs, adductor brevis, gracilis, and pectineus

65
Q

Popliteal Fossa

A
  • fat filled diamond shaped space posterior to the knee

- all important vessels and nerves from thigh to leg pass through this fossa

66
Q

Popliteal Fossa Boundaries

A

superolaterally: biceps femoris
superomedially: semimembranosus, medial to which is semitendinosus tendon
inferolaterally: lateral head of gastrocnemius
inferomedially: medial head of gastrocnemius
posteriorly (roof): skin and popliteal fascia
floor: popliteal surface of femur, posterior capsule of knee joint, popliteus fascia covering popliteus muscle

67
Q

Popliteal Fossa Contents

A
  • termination of small saphenous vein
  • popliteal artery and vein and their branches and tributaries
  • tibial and common fibular nerves
  • posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
  • popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
  • fat
68
Q

Popliteal Fossa Fascia

A
  • strong sheet of fascia that forms a protective covering for neurovascular structures passing from the thigh through the fossa to the leg
  • continuous with fascia lata superiorly and deep fascia of leg inferiorly
  • when leg extended, stretches and semimembranosus moves laterally for further protection to contents of fossa
69
Q

popliteal artery

A
  • continuation of femoral artery
  • begins where femoral artery passes through adductor hiatus
  • passes through popliteal fossa and ends at inferior border of popliteus by dividing into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
  • five genicular branches
70
Q

Genicular Arteries

A
  • superior lateral, superior medial, middle, inferior lateral, inferior medial genicular arteries
  • genicular anastomosis
71
Q

muscular branches of popliteal artery supply

A

hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles

72
Q

Popliteal vein formed

A
  • at distal border of popliteus as continuation of posterior tibial veins
  • becomes femoral artery superiorly
  • small saphenous vein also enters popliteal vein
73
Q

Sciatic nerve usually ends

A

at superior angle of popliteal fossa by dividing into tibial and common fibular nerves

74
Q

Tibial Nerve

A
  • medial, larger terminal branch of sciatic nerve
  • most superficial of the three main central components of the popliteal fossa (van)
  • while in fossa, gives branches to soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, and popliteus
75
Q

Medial sural cutaneous nerve derived from

A
  • tibial nerve in popliteal fossa

- joined by sural communicating branch of common fibular nerve to form sural nerve

76
Q

Sural Nerve supplies

A

skin on posterior and lateral aspects of leg and lateral side of foot

77
Q

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve is branch of

A

common fibular nerve that supplies skin on lateral aspect of leg

78
Q

Common Fibular Nerve

A
  • lateral, smaller terminal branch of sciatic nerve
  • begins at superior angle of popliteal fossa and follows border of biceps femoris and its tendon along superolateral boundary of popliteal fossa
79
Q

Most important muscle in stabilizing knee joint

A

quadriceps femoris, particularly the inferior fibers of vastus medialis and lateralis

80
Q

Joint capsule consists of

A
  • external fibrous layer

- internal synovial membrane that lines all internal surfaces of articular cavity not covered with articular cartilage

81
Q

Knee joint capsule is stengthened by

A
  • 5 extracapsular or capsular ligaments
  • patellar ligament
  • fibular collateral ligament
  • tibial collateral ligament
  • oblique popliteal ligament
  • arcuate popliteal ligament
82
Q

Intra-articular structures within the knee joint consist of

A

cruciate ligaments and menisci

83
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A
  • Weaker of the two ligaments
  • arises from anterior intercondylar area of the tibia,
  • attach to the posterior part of the medial side of lateral condyle of femur
  • poor blood supply
  • limits posterior rolling of femoral condyles on tibial plateau during flexion
  • prevents posterior displacement of femur on tibia and hyperextension
  • when joint is flexed at right angle, tibia cannot be pulled anterior because it is held by ACL
84
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A
  • stronger of the two ligaments
  • arises from posterior intercondylar area of tibia
  • attach to anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of femur
  • limits anterior rolling of femoral condyles on tibial plateau during extension
  • prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia and hyperflexion
  • in weight bearing,PCL main stabilizing factor for femur
85
Q

Menisci of knee joint are

A

crescentic plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of tibia that deepen the surface and play a role in shock absorption
- attached to intercondylar area of tibia

86
Q

Coronary ligaments are

A
  • capsular fibers that attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles
87
Q

Transverse ligament of the knee joins

A

anterior edges of the menisci, allowing them to move together during knee movements

88
Q

Medial meniscus is

A
  • C-shaped and broader posteriorly than anteriorly
89
Q

Lateral meniscus is

A
  • nearly circular and is smaller and more freely movable than the medial meniscus
90
Q

Posterior Meniscofemoral Ligament joins

A

lateral meniscus to the PCL and the medial femoral condyle

91
Q

Subcutaneous prepatellar and Infrapatellar bursae

A
  • located at convex surface of joint, allowing the skin to be able to move freely during knee movements
92
Q

Four bursae communicate with articular cavity of knee joint

A

Suprapatellar bursa
Popliteus bursa
Anserine bursa
Gastrocnemius bursa

93
Q

Superior tibiofibular joint is a

A
  • plane synovial joint

- strengthened by anterior and posterior ligaments of head of fibula

94
Q

Tibiofibular syndemosis (distal tibiofibular joint) is a

A
  • compound fibrous joint
  • interosseous tibiofibular ligament
  • strengthened by anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
95
Q

Inferior Transverse Ligament

A
  • forms a strong connection between medial and lateral melleoli and posterior wall of malleolar mortise, for the trochlea of the talus
96
Q

Anterior compartment of leg (dorsiflexor compartment)

A
  • tibilias anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
97
Q

Deep fibular peroneal nerve

A
  • one of two terminal branches of common fibular nerve
  • arises between the fibularis longus and neck of fibula
  • accompanies anterior tibial artery
98
Q

Anterior Tibial Artery

A
  • supplies structures in anterior compartment
  • smaller, terminal branch of popliteal artery
  • begins at inferior border of popliteus muscle
  • ends at ankle joint, where it becomes dorsalis pedis artery
99
Q

Lateral Compartment of Leg (everter compartment)

A
  • fibularis longus

- fibularis brevis

100
Q

Superficial Fibular Nerve

A
  • terminal branch of common fibular nerve
  • after supplying muscles, continues as cutaneous nerve, supplying skin on distal part of anterior surface of leg and nearly all the dorsum of the foot
101
Q

Muscles of lateral compartment supplied by

A
  • proximally: perforating branches of anterior tibial artery
  • distaly: perforating branches of fibular artery
  • these have accompanying veins

Human Gross Anatomy (10 decks)

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