Lower Limb - Osteology, Arthrology, and Positioning Flashcards
How many and what kind of bones comprise the foot and ankle?
14 phalanges, 5 metatarsals, and 7 tarsals
which bone classification are tarsals?
Short
what is the most distal part of a metatarsal?
Head
where in the foot is the tuberosity that is easily palpable?
Proximal portion of the fifth metatarsal
which tarsal bone is the most superior tarsal bone?
Talus
which tarsal bone is the largest of the tarsal bones?
Calcaneus
Which tarsal bone is located on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals?
Cuboid
Which tarsal bone is located on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms?
Navicular
which bone articulates medially with the cuboid?
Lateral cuneiform
which bones comprise the midfoot?
Navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
which bone articulates with the superior surface of the calcaneus?
Talus
which bones articulate distally wiht the tarsal navicular?
Cuneiforms
which bones articulates distally with the three cuneiforms?
Metatarsals
which bones articulate with the metatarsals?
cuneiforms and cuboid
whichcuneiform is the largest cuneiform?
Medial
where in the foot are the cuneiforms located?
Between the navicular and the metatarsals
which articulation is an ellipsoid-type joint?
Metatarsophalangeal
which articulation of th efoot is a gliding-type joint?
Intertarsal
which two tarsal bones articulate with each other by way of three facets?
Talus and calcaneus
which part of the talus articulates with the distal tibia?
Trochlea
which type of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge
where is the medial malleolus located in the leg?
Distal tibia
where is the lateral malleolus located in the leg?
Distal fibula
what structure is located on the proximal end of the fibula?
Apex
where is the intercondylar eminence located?
Proximal tibia
where are the tibial plateaus located?
Proximal tibia
on which border of the tibia is the crest located?
Anterior
which term refers to the sharp ridge on the anterior border of the tibia?
Crest
which term refers to the prominent process on the anterior surface of the proximal tibia that is just inferior to the condyles?
Tuberosity
which joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the fibula with the lateral condyle of the tibia?
Proximal tibiofibular
which type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Gliding
which structure is located on the head of the fibula?
Apex
with which structure does the head of the fibula articulate?
Lateral tibial condyle
which term refers to the inferior tip of the patella?
Apex
which part of the patella is the base?
Superior border
where on the femur is the greater trochanter located?
Lateral and superior
where on the femur is the lesser trochanter located?
medial and posterior
where is the fovea capitis located?
proximal femur
where is the intercondylar fossa located?
Distal femur
which femoral structures articulate wiht the tibia?
Condyles
with which structure does the head of the femur articulate?
Acetabulum
how many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the toes?
15 degrees cephalad
how many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection demonstrate the second toe?
30-45 degrees medially
how and toward what centering point should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection to demonstrate all five toes?
Pependicular to the third metatarsophalangeal
how many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection to best demonstrate the great toe?
30 to 45 degrees medially
what othe projection term refers to the AP projection of the foot?
Borsophantar
how many degrees and in what direction sould the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the foot?
10 degrees cephalad (toward the heel)
which projection of the foot best demonstrates the cuboid and its articulations?
AP oblique (medial roation)
How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblqiue projection of the foot?
30 degrees medially
what is the appropriated field size for the AP projection of the foot?
1 inch (2.5 cm) of all sides, including 1 inch (2.5 cm) byond the calcaneus and distal tips of the toes
where should the central ray be directed for the AP oblique projection of the foot?
to the base of the third metatarsal
Regardless of the condition of the patient, which positioning maneuver should be performed to position the foot for the lateral projection?
Ensure that the plantar surface is perpendicular to the IR
How should the central ray be directed to best demonstrat the tarsonmetatarsal joint spaces of the midfoot for the AP projection of the foot?
10 degrees posteriorly (toward the heel)
which projection of the foot best demonstrates the sinus tarsi?
AP oblique projection (medial rotation)
which projection of the foot best demonstrates most of the tarsals wiht the least amount of superimposition?
AP oblique projection (medial rotation)
which projection of the foot best demonstrates the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsals free from superimposition?
AP oblique projection (medial rotation)
which projection of the foot should demonstrate the metatarsals nearly superimposed on each other?
Lateral projection
which two projections comprise the typical series that best demonstrates the calcaneus?
Axial (plantodorsal) and lateral projections
how many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus?
40 degrees caphalad
what procedural compensation is required for the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus when the patient cannot dorsilflex the foot sufficiently to place the plantar surface vertical?
Elevate the leg on sandbags to achieve the correct position
at which level on the plantar surface should the central ray enter the foot for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus?
Base of the third metatarsal
where should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the calcaneus?
Toward the midpoint of the calcaneus
where should the central ray enter for the lateral projection of the ankle?
At the medial malleolus
how many degrees and in which direction should the foot and the leg be rotated to best demonstrate the mortise joint for the AP oblique projection of the ankle?
15 to 20 degrees medially
which projection of the ankle best demonstrates the talofibular joint space free from bony superimposition?
AP oblique projection (medial ratation)
which articulatoin should be seen in profile with the AP oblique projection (medial ratation) of the ankle?
Talofibular
With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the malleoli be positioned for the AP oblique projection of the ankle to best demonstrate the mortise joint spaces open?
Parallel
which projection of the anle should be performed to best demonstrate a ligamentous tear?
AP projection wiht inversion
How long should the collimated field be for the AP and AP oblique projections of the ankle?
8 inches (20cm)
which projection of hte knee best demonstrates the femorotibial joint space open if the patient measure more than 10 inches (24cm) between the ASIS and the tabletop?
AP projection with the central ray angled 3-5 degrees cephalad
for the lateral projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be flexed?
20 t0 30 degrees
How many degrees of angulation should be formed between the femur and the radiographic table for the PA axial projection (holmblad method) of the knee?
70 degrees
which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa?
PA axial projection (holmblad method)
How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the knee?
5 t0 7 degrees caphalad
which structure of the knee is best demonstrated with the tangetail projection?
Patella
which structure of the knee is best demonstrated wiht the PA axial projection (the Holmblad method)?
Femoral intercondylar fossa
which projection of the knee best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular articulation without bony superimposition?
AP obleque projection (medial rotation)
which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoropatellar space open?
Lateral projection
which of the following evaluation criterion indicates that the knee is properly positioned for a lateral projection?
the femoral condyles are uperimposed
what should be done to prevent the knee joint space form being obscured by the magnified shadow of the medial femoral condyle when the lateral projection of the knee is performed?
Direct the central ray 5 to 7 degrees cephalad
which of the following evaluation criteria indicates that the knee is properly positioned for the AP projection?
the femoratibial joint space is open
where should the patella be demonstrated on the radiograph of the AP oblique projection of the knee with medial rotation?
Over the medial condyle of the femur
where should the patella be demonstrated on the radiograph of the AP oblique projectiion of the kee with lateral ratation?
over the lateral femoral condyle
for the lateral projection of the patella, which postioning maneuver reduces the femoropatellar joint space?
Flexing the knee more than 10 degrees
which area of the knee should the central ray enter for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method)?
Posterior
which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoral intercondylar fossa?
PA axial projection (Camp-Coventry method)
which projection of the knee should be used to demonstrate the patella completely superimposed on the femur?
AP projection
for a patient prone on the radiographic table wiht the knee centered to the midline and the knee flexed until the lower leg forms a 40-degree angle with the table, how should the central ray be directed to dmemonstrate the femoral intercondylar fossa?
Caudally 40 degrees
which projection of the knee should be used to demonstrate the patella in profile?
lateral projection
for which projection of the knee should the patient be prone on the table, with the knee flexed until the leg forms an angle of 40 degrees with the table, and the central ray directed perpendicular to the lang axis of the leg, entering the back side of the knee?
PA axial projection (Camp-Coventry method)
how should the central ray be directed for the bilateral weight-bearing AP projection of the knees?
Perpendicularly
which projection of the knee can be accomplished with the patient upright, the affected knee flexed and its anterior surface in contact with a vertically placed IR, and the horizontally directed central ray entering the posterior aspect of the knee?
Pa axial projection (Holmblad method)
which positioning factor deternines the number of degrees the central ray should be angled for the tangential projection (Settegast method) to demonstrate the patella?
Degee of knee flexion
how should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of the femur?
Perpendicularly
which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral neck in profile for the AP projection of the proximal femur/
Rotate the lower limb medially 10-15 degrees
which positioning maneuver should be performed to prevent the femoral neck from appearing foreshortened in the AP projection of the proximal femur?
Rotate the lower limb medially 10-15 degrees
for the AP projection of the fumur on typical adults, what should be done to ensure that both joints of the femur are demonstrated?
performing a second exposure with another IR
for which lower limb projection should the lower limb be rotated mdeially 10-15 degrees?
AP projection of the proximal femur
for which lower limb projection should the pelvis be rotated 10-15 degrees from true lateral?
lateral projection of the proxima femur
For the lateral projection of th efemur, how should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate only the knee joint wiht the distal femoral shaft?
True lateral
